Software pipelining showdown: optimal vs. heuristic methods in a production compiler

  • Authors:

  • John Ruttenberg;G. R. Gao;A. Stoutchinin;W. Lichtenstein

  • Affiliations:

  • Silicon Graphics Inc., 2011 N. Shoreline Blvd., Mountain View, CA;McGill University - School of Computer Science, 3480 University St., McConnell Building, Room 318, Montreal, Canada H3A2A7;McGill University - School of Computer Science, 3480 University St., McConnell Building, Room 318, Montreal, Canada H3A2A7;Silicon Graphics Inc., 2011 N. Shoreline Blvd., Mountain View, CA

  • Venue:
  • PLDI '96 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1996 conference on Programming language design and implementation
  • Year:
  • 1996

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Abstract

This paper is a scientific comparison of two code generation techniques with identical goals --- generation of the best possible software pipelined code for computers with instruction level parallelism. Both are variants of modulo scheduling, a framework for generation of software pipelines pioneered by Rau and Glaser [RaG181], but are otherwise quite dissimilar.One technique was developed at Silicon Graphics and is used in the MIPSpro compiler. This is the production compiler for SGI's systems which are based on the MIPS R8000 processor [Hsu94]. It is essentially a branch--and--bound enumeration of possible schedules with extensive pruning. This method is heuristic because of the way it prunes and also because of the interaction between register allocation and scheduling.The second technique aims to produce optimal results by formulating the scheduling and register allocation problem as an integrated integer linear programming (ILP1) problem. This idea has received much recent exposure in the literature [AlGoGa95, Feautrier94, GoAlGa94a, GoAlGa94b, Eichenberger95], but to our knowledge all previous implementations have been too preliminary for detailed measurement and evaluation. In particular, we believe this to be the first published measurement of runtime performance for ILP based generation of software pipelines.A particularly valuable result of this study was evaluation of the heuristic pipelining technology in the SGI compiler. One of the motivations behind the McGill research was the hope that optimal software pipelining, while not in itself practical for use in production compilers, would be useful for their evaluation and validation. Our comparison has indeed provided a quantitative validation of the SGI compiler's pipeliner, leading us to increased confidence in both techniques.