A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Fundamentals of three-dimensional computer graphics
Fundamentals of three-dimensional computer graphics
Closed-Form Solutions for Physically Based Shape Modeling and Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Object-centered surface reconstruction: combining multi-image stereo and shading
International Journal of Computer Vision
Realistic modeling for facial animation
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Modeling and rendering architecture from photographs: a hybrid geometry- and image-based approach
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Regularized Bundle-Adjustment to Model Heads from Image Sequences without Calibration Data
International Journal of Computer Vision
Perceptual Organization and Visual Recognition
Perceptual Organization and Visual Recognition
Artificial Vision for Mobile Robots: Stereo Vision and Multisensory Perception
Artificial Vision for Mobile Robots: Stereo Vision and Multisensory Perception
Epipolar Geometry in Stereo, Motion, and Object Recognition: A Unified Approach
Epipolar Geometry in Stereo, Motion, and Object Recognition: A Unified Approach
Automatic Creation of 3D Facial Models
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Acquiring 3-D Models from Sequences of Contours
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Estimating Coloured 3D Face Models from Single Images: An Example Based Approach
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
Parametrized structure from motion for 3D adaptive feedback tracking of faces
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Model-based brightness constraints: on direct estimation of structure and motion
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Critical Motion Sequences for Monocular Self-Calibration and Uncalibrated Euclidean Reconstruction
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
CVPR '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '96)
Head Tracking via Robust Registration in Texture Map Images
CVPR '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
From 2D Images to 3D Face Geometry
FG '96 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG '96)
A unified approach to coding and interpreting face images
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
Euclidean Reconstruction from Constant Intrinsic Parameters
ICPR '96 Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR '96) Volume I - Volume 7270
A parallel feature tracker for extended image sequences
ISCV '95 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Vision
Linear Object Classes and Image Synthesis from a Single Example Image
Linear Object Classes and Image Synthesis from a Single Example Image
Mixtures of Eigenfeatures for Real-Time Structure from Texture
ICCV '98 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision
Anatomy-based face reconstruction for animation using multi-layer deformation
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
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In this paper, we address the problem of recovering 3-D models from sequences of partly calibrated images with unknown correspondence. To that end, we integrate tracking, structure from motion with geometric constraints (specifically in the form of linear class models) in a single framework. The key to making the proposed approach work is the use of appearance-based model matching and refinement which updates the estimated correspondences on each iteration of the algorithm. Another key feature is the matching of a 3-D model directly with the input images without the conventional 2-step approach of stereo data recovery and 3-D model fitting. Initialization of the linear class model to one of the input images (the reference image) is currently partly manual.This synthesis and refine approach, or appearance-based constrained structure from motion (AbCSfm), is especially useful in recovering shapes of objects whose general structure is known but which may have little discernable texture in significant parts of their surfaces. We applied the proposed approach to 3-D face modeling from multiple images to create new 3-D faces for DECface, a synthetic talking head developed at Cambridge Research Laboratory, Digital Equipment Corporation. The DECface model comprises a collection of 3-D triangular and rectangular facets, with nodes as vertices. In recovering the DECface model, we assume that the sequence of images is taken with a camera with unknown focal length and pose. The geometric constraints used are of the form of linear combination of prototypes of 3-D faces of real people. Results of this approach show its good convergence properties and its robustness against cluttered backgrounds.