Organizational obstacles to interface design and development: two participant-observer studies
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
User analysis in HCI—the historical lessons from individual differences research
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Evolving the scope of user-centered design
Communications of the ACM
Helping and hindering user involvement — a tale of everyday design
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
User and task analysis for interface design
User and task analysis for interface design
Contextual design: defining customer-centered systems
Contextual design: defining customer-centered systems
Usability in practice: field methods evolution and revolution
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction
Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction
Personas in action: ethnography in an interaction design team
Proceedings of the second Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction
The human-computer interaction handbook
The Inmates Are Running the Asylum: Why High Tech Products Drive Us Crazy and How to Restore the Sanity (2nd Edition)
Building modeling tools that support verification, validation, and testing for the domain expert
WSC '05 Proceedings of the 37th conference on Winter simulation
Selecting and evoking innovators: combining democracy and creativity
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
Effective Prototyping for Software Makers
Effective Prototyping for Software Makers
Transfer scenarios: grounding innovation with marginal practices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Effective user involvement in product development by improving the analysis of user needs
Behaviour & Information Technology
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Characterizing the diversity in users' perceptions
INTERACT'07 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction
USAB'07 Proceedings of the 3rd Human-computer interaction and usability engineering of the Austrian computer society conference on HCI and usability for medicine and health care
Segmentation of users in PD for healthcare
Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Participatory Design Conference
Human-centered visualization environments
Human-centered visualization environments
Made-to-Measure learning materials
EC-TEL'06 Proceedings of the First European conference on Technology Enhanced Learning: innovative Approaches for Learning and Knowledge Sharing
Fostering social innovation: identifying lead users for participatory design
Proceedings of the Biannual Conference of the Italian Chapter of SIGCHI
Collaborative learning in multi-user virtual environments
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
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It is critical to the success of a system that appropriate and representative users are involved in the development work. However, the process of identifying and selecting users has not been a focus of research. In this paper, we describe a process of identifying and selecting relevant users specifically for field studies. Characterization and sampling of users are discussed. In addition, a way of describing user groups is suggested. Finally, we summarize results from seven case studies in six different companies. The case studies show that developers tend to underestimate the diversity of users and that a systematic process helps to identify the different user groups, select representative users and identify representative user needs. It was found that identification of users' characteristics and groups is an iterative process, and user descriptions evolve when real data are gathered from users.