Comparing algorithm for dynamic speed-setting of a low-power CPU
MobiCom '95 Proceedings of the 1st annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A scheduling algorithm for tasks described by time value function
Real-Time Systems
Embedded program timing analysis based on path clustering and architecture classification
ICCAD '97 Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Power conscious fixed priority scheduling for hard real-time systems
Proceedings of the 36th annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard-Real-Time Environment
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Scheduling Real-Time Systems with End-to-End Timing Constraints Using the Distributed Pinwheel Model
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Real-Time Systems
Introduction to Algorithms
Energy management for real-time embedded applications with compiler support
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Language, compiler, and tool for embedded systems
Energy efficient CMOS microprocessor design
HICSS '95 Proceedings of the 28th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Collaborative Operating System and Compiler Power Management for Real-Time Applications
RTAS '03 Proceedings of the The 9th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
An optimal pinwheel scheduler using the single-number reduction technique
RTSS '96 Proceedings of the 17th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Dynamic voltage scaling algorithm for fixed-priority real-time systems using work-demand analysis
Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Profile-Based Dynamic Voltage Scheduling Using Program Checkpoints
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe
Variable voltage task scheduling algorithms for minimizing energy/power
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Toward the placement of power management points in real-time applications
Compilers and operating systems for low power
An Application using Pinwheel Scheduling Model
ICPADS '04 Proceedings of the Parallel and Distributed Systems, Tenth International Conference
Transition-aware DVS algorithm for real-time systems using tree structure analysis
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
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Energy consumption is a critical design issue in embedded systems, especially in battery-operated systems. Maintaining high performance while extending the battery life is an interesting challenge for system designers. Dynamic voltage scaling and dynamic frequency scaling allow us to adjust supply voltage and processor frequency to adapt to the workload demand for better energy management. Because of the high complexity involved, most solutions depend on heuristics for online power-aware real-time scheduling or offline time-consuming scheduling. In this paper, we discuss how we can apply pinwheel model to power-aware real-time scheduling so that task information, including start times, finish times, preemption times, etc, can be efficiently derived using pinwheel model. System predictability is thus increased and under better control on power-awareness. However, job execution time may be only a small portion of its worst case execution time and can only be determined at runtime. We implement a profiling tool to insert codes for collecting runtime information of real-time tasks. Worst case execution time is updated online for scheduler to perform better rescheduling according to actual execution. Simulations have shown that at most 50% energy can be saved by the proposed scheduling algorithm. Moreover, at most additional 33% energy can be saved when the profiling technique is applied.