An experimental evaluation of transparent menu usage
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Coherent zooming of illustrations with 3D-graphics and text
Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '97
Remediation: understanding new media
Remediation: understanding new media
View management for virtual and augmented reality
Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The Future of the Book
Illustrative shadows: integrating 3D and 2D information displays
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Text in 3D: some legibility results
CHI '00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating Label Placement for Augmented Reality View Management
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (4th Edition)
Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (4th Edition)
Integrating expanding annotations with a 3D explosion probe
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Assessing dimensions of perceived visual aesthetics of web sites
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Incorporating knowledge acquisition
VR '04 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2004
Automatic Determination of Text Readability over Textured Backgrounds for Augmented Reality Systems
ISMAR '04 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: IEEE VR 2005
Embedded labels for line features in interactive 3D virtual environments
AFRIGRAPH '07 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer graphics, virtual reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa
2LIP: filling the gap between the current and the three-dimensional web
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on 3D Web Technology
The effect of age and font size on reading text on handheld computers
INTERACT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 IFIP TC13 international conference on Human-Computer Interaction
INTERACT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 IFIP TC13 international conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Evaluating depth illusion as method of adding emphasis in autostereoscopic mobile displays
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
A dual-mode user interface for accessing 3D content on the world wide web
Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web
Dynamic text management for see-through wearable and heads-up display systems
Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on 3D Web Technology
On the design of a Dual-Mode User Interface for accessing 3D content on the World Wide Web
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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There have been many studies of computer based text reading. However, only a few have considered text integrated with video and 3D graphics. This paper presents an investigation into the effects of varying (a) text drawing style (plain, billboard, Anti-Interference, shadow), (b) image polarity (positive and negative), and (c) background style (video and 3D) on text readability. Reading speed and accuracy were measured and subjective views of participants recorded. Results showed that: (a) there was little difference in reading performance for the video and 3D backgrounds; (b) the negative presentation outperformed the positive presentation; (c) the billboard drawing styles supported the best performance; subjective comments showed a preference for the billboard style. We therefore suggest, for reading tasks, that designers of interfaces for games, video, and augmented reality provide billboard style to maximize readability for the widest range of applications.