The ATIS spoken language systems pilot corpus
HLT '90 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
A linguistic approach to sign language synthesis
HCI '94 Proceedings of the conference on People and computers IX
A Machine Translation System from English to American Sign Language
AMTA '00 Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas on Envisioning Machine Translation in the Information Future
A systematic comparison of various statistical alignment models
Computational Linguistics
Representation of american sign language for machine translation
Representation of american sign language for machine translation
BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Statistical phrase-based translation
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
A prototype text to British Sign Language (BSL) translation system
ACL '03 Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 2
Improved statistical alignment models
ACL '00 Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics
Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics
Understanding spontaneous speech: the Phoenix system
ICASSP '91 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1991. ICASSP-91., 1991 International Conference
The South African sign language machine translation project: issues on non-manual sign generation
SAICSIT '06 Proceedings of the 2006 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists on IT research in developing countries
Transfer-based statistical translation of Taiwanese sign language using PCFG
ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP)
Generating american sign language classifier predicates for english-to-asl machine translation
Generating american sign language classifier predicates for english-to-asl machine translation
Providing signed content on the Internet by synthesized animation
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Proposing a speech to gesture translation architecture for Spanish deaf people
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Moses: open source toolkit for statistical machine translation
ACL '07 Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the ACL on Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions
Computer-based support for patients with limited English
EAMT '03 Proceedings of the 7th International EAMT workshop on MT and other Language Technology Tools, Improving MT through other Language Technology Tools: Resources and Tools for Building MT
MaTrEx: the DCU MT system for WMT 2008
StatMT '08 Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation
Novel reordering approaches in phrase-based statistical machine translation
ParaText '05 Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts
Language engineering and the pathway to healthcare: a user-oriented view
MST '06 Proceedings of the Workshop on Medical Speech Translation
South African sign language assistive translation
Telehealth/AT '08 Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Telehealth/Assistive Technologies
MaTrEx: the DCU MT system for WMT 2010
WMT '10 Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and MetricsMATR
Jane: open source hierarchical translation, extended with reordering and lexicon models
WMT '10 Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and MetricsMATR
System Combination for Machine Translation of Spoken and Written Language
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
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This article explores the application of data-driven machine translation (MT) to sign languages (SLs). The provision of an SL MT system can facilitate communication between Deaf and hearing people by translating information into the native and preferred language of the individual. In this paper we address data-driven SL MT predominantly for Irish SL (ISL) but also for German SL (DGS/Deutsche Gebärdensprache). We take two different purpose-built corpora to feed our MaTrEx MT system and in a set of experiments translating both to and from the SLs, we investigate the effects of SL data on statistical MT (SMT). Exploiting the bidirectionality of the MaTrEx system, we demonstrate how additional modules, such as recognition and SL animation, can potentially build a full SL MT model for spoken and SL communication in addition to promising evaluation scores. A secondary focus of the article is on the two main issues affecting SL MT, those of transcription and evaluation. We offer a discussion on both these common problems before concluding.