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Proceedings of the 2001 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
Razor: A Low-Power Pipeline Based on Circuit-Level Timing Speculation
Proceedings of the 36th annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
High-performance CMOS variability in the 65-nm regime and beyond
IBM Journal of Research and Development - Advanced silicon technology
Verification-guided soft error resilience
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Analog Design Centering and Sizing
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CMOS VLSI Design: A Circuits and Systems Perspective
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Analytical model for TDDB-based performance degradation in combinational logic
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
A resilience roadmap: (invited paper)
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
Design techniques for cross-layer resilience
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
Architectural Vulnerability Factor Estimation with Backwards Analysis
DSD '10 Proceedings of the 2010 13th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design: Architectures, Methods and Tools
Soft error benchmarking of L2 caches with PARMA
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review - Performance evaluation review
Reliability-aware frame packing for the static segment of flexray
EMSOFT '11 Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Embedded software
Design and architectures for dependable embedded systems
CODES+ISSS '11 Proceedings of the seventh IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
Reliable software for unreliable hardware: embedded code generation aiming at reliability
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Aging analysis at gate and macro cell level
Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
MACAU: A Markov model for reliability evaluations of caches under Single-bit and Multi-bit Upsets
HPCA '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 18th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture
Statistical Timing Analysis: From Basic Principles to State of the Art
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Reliability-Aware Instruction Set Customization for ASIPs with Hardened Logic
RTCSA '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications
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Today, modern high-end cars have close to 100 electronic control units (ECUs) that are used to implement a variety of applications ranging from safety-critical control to driver assistance and comfort-related functionalities. The total sum of these applications is several million lines of software code. The ECUs are connected to different sensors and actuators and communicate via a variety of communication buses like CAN, FlexRay and now also Ethernet. In the case of electric vehicles, both the amount and the importance of such electronics and software are even higher. Here, a number of hydraulic or pneumatic controls are replaced by corresponding software-implemented controllers in order to reduce the overall weight of the car and hence to improve its driving range. Until recently, most of the software and system design in the automotive domain -- as in many other domains -- relied on an always correctly functioning or a zero-defect hardware implementation platform. However, as the device geometries of integrated circuits continue to shrink, this assumption is increasingly not true. Incorporating large safety margins in the design process results in very pessimistic design and expensive processors. Further, the processors in cars -- in contrast to those in many consumer electronics devices like mobile phones -- are exposed to harsh environments, extreme temperature variations, and often, strong electromagnetic fields. Hence, their reliability is even more questionable and must be explicitly accounted for in all layers of design abstraction -- starting from circuit design to architecture design, to software design and runtime management and monitoring. In this paper we outline some of these issues, currently followed practices, and the challenges that lie ahead of us in the automotive and electric vehicles domain.