Free-form deformation of solid geometric models
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Surfaces over Dirichlet Tessellations
Computer Aided Geometric Design
Calculation of reference frames along a space curve
Graphics gems
Extended free-form deformation: a sculpturing tool for 3D geometric modeling
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Deformation of n-dimensional objects
SMA '91 Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Solid modeling foundations and CAD/CAM applications
Direct manipulation of free-form deformations
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Simple constrained deformations for geometric modeling and interactive design
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Special issue on interactive sculpting
A generalized de Casteljau approach to 3D free-form deformation
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Free-form deformations with lattices of arbitrary topology
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Geometric deformation by merging a 3D-object with a simple shape
GI '96 Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '96
Wires: a geometric deformation technique
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Fast volume-preserving free form deformation using multi-level optimization
Proceedings of the fifth ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Introduction to Implicit Surfaces
Introduction to Implicit Surfaces
Linear combination of transformations
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interactive skeleton-driven dynamic deformations
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Preventing Self-Intersection under Free-Form Deformation
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Interactive Space Deformation with Hardware-Assisted Rendering
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
A hybrid particle level set method for improved interface capturing
Journal of Computational Physics
An interface for creating and manipulating curves using a high degree-of-freedom curve input device
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Blendeforming: Ray Traceable Localized Foldover-Free Space Deformation
CGI '01 Computer Graphics International 2001
Dirichlet Free-Form Deformations and their Application to Hand Simulation
CA '97 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Global and local deformations of solid primitives
SIGGRAPH '84 Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Shape modeling with point-sampled geometry
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Twister: a space-warp operator for the two-handed editing of 3D shapes
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Ryan: rendering your animation nonlinearly projected
Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
Sweepers: Swept User-Defined Tools for Modeling by Deformation
SMI '04 Proceedings of the Shape Modeling International 2004
Scalar-field-guided adaptive shape deformation and animation
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
Swirling-Sweepers: Constant-Volume Modeling
PG '04 Proceedings of the Computer Graphics and Applications, 12th Pacific Conference
Discontinuous Free Form Deformations
PG '04 Proceedings of the Computer Graphics and Applications, 12th Pacific Conference
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Simulation of smoke based on vortex filament primitives
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Sketch based 3D character deformation
Transactions on edutainment V
Towards the automatic generation of 3D photo-realistic avatars using 3D scanned data
MIRAGE'11 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer vision/computer graphics collaboration techniques
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We present an overview of a set of techniques called space deformations, also known as free-form deformations, warps, skinning or deformers. This family of techniques has various applications in modeling, animation, rendering or simulation, and we focus especially on their application to modeling. Space deformation techniques are mappings of space onto another space, and can therefore be applied conveniently to any embedded geometry. This independence from the underlying geometric representation of deformed shape makes even the simplest and earliest deformation techniques still applicable and popular in current industrial practice.