Introduction to algorithms
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Digital watermarking
Geometry-Based Watermarking of 3D Models
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Robust Watermarking and Affine Registration of 3D Meshes
IH '02 Revised Papers from the 5th International Workshop on Information Hiding
Robust Watermarking of Point-Sampled Geometry
SMI '04 Proceedings of the Shape Modeling International 2004
Blind Watermarking of 3D Shapes using Localized Constraints
3DPVT '04 Proceedings of the 3D Data Processing, Visualization, and Transmission, 2nd International Symposium
Wavelet-based blind watermarking of 3D models
Proceedings of the 2004 workshop on Multimedia and security
Watermarking a 3D Shape Model Defined as a Point Set
CW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on Cyberworlds
Blind Robust Watermarking Schemes for Copyright Protection of 3D Mesh Objects
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Data hiding on 3-D triangle meshes
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Watermarking three-dimensional polygonal models through geometric and topological modifications
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Watermarking mesh-based representations of 3-D objects using local moments
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Progressive compression invariant semi-fragile watermarks for 3d meshes
Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Multimedia & security
A robust spectral approach for blind watermarking of manifold surfaces
Proceedings of the 10th ACM workshop on Multimedia and security
Robust blind watermarking of point-sampled geometry
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Blind robust watermarking of 3d motion data
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
Lossless 3D steganography based on MST and connectivity modification
Image Communication
A highly adaptable capacity and invisibility 3D watermarking based on four-points sets
Proceedings of the 12th ACM workshop on Multimedia and security
Technical Section: Robust and blind mesh watermarking based on volume moments
Computers and Graphics
A robust high-capacity affine-transformation-invariant scheme for watermarking 3D geometric models
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP) - Special Issue on Multimedia Security
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Watermarking schemes for copyright protection of point cloud representation of 3D models operate only on the geometric data, and are also applicable to mesh based representations of 3D models, defined using geometry and topological information. For building such generic copyright schemes for 3D models, this paper presents a robust spatial blind watermarking mechanism for 3D point sampled geometry. To find the order in which points are to be encoded/decoded, a clustering approach is proposed. The points are divided into clusters, and ordering is achieved using inter-cluster and intra-cluster ordering. Inter-cluster ordering achieves local ordering of points, whereas intra-cluster ordering does it globally. Once ordered, a sequence of clusters is chosen based on nearest neighbor heuristic. An extension of quantization index of bit encoding scheme is proposed, and used to encode and decode inside the clusters. The encoding mechanism makes the technique robust against uniform affine transformations (rotation, scaling, and transformation), reordering attack and topology altering (e.g. retriangulation) attack when applied to 3D meshes as well. Replication of watermark provides robustness against localized noise addition, cropping, simplification and global noise addition attacks. Security of the scheme is analyzed, and the time complexity is estimated as O (n log n), where n is the number of 3D points. Theoretical bounds on hiding capacity are estimated, and experiments show that a high hiding capacity is high, with embedding rate greater than 3 bits/point. The bit encoding method reduces the distortions and makes the watermark imperceptible, indicated by a signal to noise ratio greater than 100 dB.