STEAMER: An interactive, inspectable, simulation-based training system
Artificial intelligence and instruction: Applications and methods
Principles of traditional animation applied to 3D computer animation
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Plans and situated actions: the problem of human-machine communication
Plans and situated actions: the problem of human-machine communication
Graphics and natural language as components of automatic explanation
Intelligent user interfaces
WIP: the automatic synthesis of multimodal presentations
Intelligent multimedia interfaces
Learning from stories: indexing and reminding in a socratic case-based teaching system for elementary school biology
The role of emotion in believable agents
Communications of the ACM
Artificial fishes: physics, locomotion, perception, behavior
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Multi-level direction of autonomous creatures for real-time virtual environments
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Focusing Problem Solving in Design-Centered Learning Environments
ITS '96 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Generating explanatory captions for information graphics
IJCAI'95 Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Adding animated presentation agents to the interface
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
The pedagogical design studio: exploiting artifact-based task models for constructivist learning
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
The persona effect: affective impact of animated pedagogical agents
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Coherent gestures, locomotion, and speech in life-like pedagogical agents
IUI '98 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Guiding the user through dynamically generated hypermedia presentations with a life-like character
IUI '98 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Task-sensitive cinematography interfaces for interactive 3D learning environments
IUI '98 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Increasing believability in animated pedagogical agents
AGENTS '97 Proceedings of the first international conference on Autonomous agents
Do the thing right: an architecture for action-expression
AGENTS '98 Proceedings of the second international conference on Autonomous agents
AGENTS '98 Proceedings of the second international conference on Autonomous agents
Integrating reactive and scripted behaviors in a life-like presentation agent
AGENTS '98 Proceedings of the second international conference on Autonomous agents
Explanatory lifelike avatars: performing user-centered tasks in 3D learning environments
Proceedings of the third annual conference on Autonomous Agents
Afterword: from this revolution to the next
Smart machines in education
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Visual Emotive Communication in Lifelike Pedagogical Agents
ITS '98 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
DIS '02 Proceedings of the 4th conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
Developing and empirically evaluating robust explanation generators: the KNIGHT experiments
Computational Linguistics
Taking account of the user's view in 3D multimodal instruction dialogue
COLING '00 Proceedings of the 18th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Empathic tutoring software agents using real-time eye tracking
Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
The blind men and the elephant revisited
From brows to trust
Empathic Multiple Tutoring Agents for Multiple Learner Interface
WI-IATW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM international conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology
The effects of speech-gesture cooperation in animated agents' behavior in multimedia presentations
Interacting with Computers
Character agents in E-learning interface using multimodal real-time interaction
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: intelligent multimodal interaction environments
Lifelike pedagogical agents and affective computing: an exploratory synthesis
Artificial intelligence today
Realtime generation of customized 3D animated explanations for knowledge-based learning environments
AAAI'97/IAAI'97 Proceedings of the fourteenth national conference on artificial intelligence and ninth conference on Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
PlayPhysics: an emotional games learning environment for teaching physics
KSEM'10 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Knowledge science, engineering and management
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One of the most promising opportunities introduced by rapid advances in knowledge-based learning environments and multimedia technologies is the possibility of creating animated pedagogical agents. These agents should exhibit three properties: timely domain coverage (they should clearly communicate fundamental concepts and relationships within the allotted time); contextuality (they should provide explanations in appropriate problem-solving contexts); and continuity (their activities and utterances should be pedagogically, visually, and aurally coherent). We have developed the coherence-structured behavior space approach to creating animated pedagogical agents. This is a two-step approach. First, we design a behavior space of animation and audio segments that are structured by prerequisite relationships and a continuity metric. Second, we navigate coherent paths through the space to dynamically sequence behaviors. This creates seamless global behaviors that communicate fundamental knowledge and provide contextualized problem-solving advice. The coherence-structured behavior space approach has been implemented in Herman the Bug, an animated pedagogical agent for Design-A-Plant, a knowledge-based learning environment for botanical anatomy and physiology. Formative evaluations of the agent with middle school students are encouraging.