Traffic analysis: protocols, attacks, design issues, and open problems
International workshop on Designing privacy enhancing technologies: design issues in anonymity and unobservability
Introducing MorphMix: peer-to-peer based anonymous Internet usage with collusion detection
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society
Short Signatures from the Weil Pairing
ASIACRYPT '01 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
FOCS '95 Proceedings of the 36th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
Replication is not needed: single database, computationally-private information retrieval
FOCS '97 Proceedings of the 38th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
SP '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Route Fingerprinting in Anonymous Communications
P2P '06 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing
Salsa: a structured approach to large-scale anonymity
Proceedings of the 13th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Tor: the second-generation onion router
SSYM'04 Proceedings of the 13th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 13
Improving the Robustness of Private Information Retrieval
SP '07 Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Low-resource routing attacks against tor
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM workshop on Privacy in electronic society
Denial of service or denial of security?
Proceedings of the 14th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Measurements and mitigation of peer-to-peer-based botnets: a case study on storm worm
LEET'08 Proceedings of the 1st Usenix Workshop on Large-Scale Exploits and Emergent Threats
Robust De-anonymization of Large Sparse Datasets
SP '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Metrics for Security and Performance in Low-Latency Anonymity Systems
PETS '08 Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Bridging and Fingerprinting: Epistemic Attacks on Route Selection
PETS '08 Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Information leaks in structured peer-to-peer anonymous communication systems
Proceedings of the 15th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
On the Anonymity of Home/Work Location Pairs
Pervasive '09 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Pervasive Computing
NISAN: network information service for anonymization networks
Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
ShadowWalker: peer-to-peer anonymous communication using redundant structured topologies
Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
As-awareness in Tor path selection
Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Scalable onion routing with torsk
Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Hashing it out in public: common failure modes of DHT-based anonymity schemes
Proceedings of the 8th ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
Sampled traffic analysis by internet-exchange-level adversaries
PET'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
Scalable anonymous communication with provable security
HotSec'10 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on Hot topics in security
Improving Security and Performance in the Tor Network through Tunable Path Selection
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
FC'10 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security
Breaking the collusion detection mechanism of morphmix
PET'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Revisiting the computational practicality of private information retrieval
FC'11 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security
Anonymous overlay network supporting authenticated routing
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Optimally robust private information retrieval
Security'12 Proceedings of the 21st USENIX conference on Security symposium
PCTCP: per-circuit TCP-over-IPsec transport for anonymous communication overlay networks
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer & communications security
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Existing anonymous communication systems like Tor do not scale well as they require all users to maintain up-to-date information about all available Tor relays in the system. Current proposals for scaling anonymous communication advocate a peer-to-peer (P2P) approach. While the P2P paradigm scales to millions of nodes, it provides new opportunities to compromise anonymity. In this paper, we step away from the P2P paradigm and advocate a client-server approach to scalable anonymity. We propose PIR-Tor, an architecture for the Tor network in which users obtain information about only a few onion routers using private information retrieval techniques. Obtaining information about only a few onion routers is the key to the scalability of our approach, while the use of private retrieval information techniques helps preserve client anonymity. The security of our architecture depends on the security of PIR schemes which are well understood and relatively easy to analyze, as opposed to peer-to-peer designs that require analyzing extremely complex and dynamic systems. In particular, we demonstrate that reasonable parameters of our architecture provide equivalent security to that of the Tor network. Moreover, our experimental results show that the overhead of PIR-Tor is manageable even when the Tor network scales by two orders of magnitude.