Efficient anonymous channel and all/nothing election scheme
EUROCRYPT '93 Workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques on Advances in cryptology
Untraceable electronic mail, return addresses, and digital pseudonyms
Communications of the ACM
A verifiable secret shuffle and its application to e-voting
CCS '01 Proceedings of the 8th ACM conference on Computer and Communications Security
IPTPS '01 Revised Papers from the First International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems
Pastry: Scalable, Decentralized Object Location, and Routing for Large-Scale Peer-to-Peer Systems
Middleware '01 Proceedings of the IFIP/ACM International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms Heidelberg
Making Mix Nets Robust for Electronic Voting by Randomized Partial Checking
Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Security Symposium
A Reputation System to Increase MIX-Net Reliability
IHW '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Information Hiding
SNDSS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security (SNDSS '96)
Mixminion: Design of a Type III Anonymous Remailer Protocol
SP '03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Defending Anonymous Communications Against Passive Logging Attacks
SP '03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Proceedings of the 11th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Salsa: a structured approach to large-scale anonymity
Proceedings of the 13th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Cashmere: resilient anonymous routing
NSDI'05 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation - Volume 2
Tor: the second-generation onion router
SSYM'04 Proceedings of the 13th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 13
Low-resource routing attacks against tor
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM workshop on Privacy in electronic society
Reliable MIX cascade networks through reputation
FC'02 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Financial cryptography
Synchronous batching: from cascades to free routes
PET'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Valet services: improving hidden servers with a personal touch
PET'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Bridging and Fingerprinting: Epistemic Attacks on Route Selection
PETS '08 Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
How to Bypass Two Anonymity Revocation Schemes
PETS '08 Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Compromising Anonymity Using Packet Spinning
ISC '08 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Information Security
Information leaks in structured peer-to-peer anonymous communication systems
Proceedings of the 15th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
On anonymity in an electronic society: A survey of anonymous communication systems
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
NISAN: network information service for anonymization networks
Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
ShadowWalker: peer-to-peer anonymous communication using redundant structured topologies
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Scalable onion routing with torsk
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On the risks of serving whenever you surf: vulnerabilities in Tor's blocking resistance design
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Hashing it out in public: common failure modes of DHT-based anonymity schemes
Proceedings of the 8th ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
Low-latency Mix Using Split and Merge Operations
Journal of Network and Systems Management
A practical congestion attack on tor using long paths
SSYM'09 Proceedings of the 18th conference on USENIX security symposium
Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Dissent: accountable anonymous group messaging
Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
ReDS: reputation for directory services in P2P systems
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM workshop on Insider threats
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
Preventing active timing attacks in low-latency anonymous communication
PETS'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Drac: an architecture for anonymous low-volume communications
PETS'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
CONCUR'10 Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Concurrency theory
MOR: monitoring and measurements through the onion router
PAM'10 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Passive and active measurement
Scalable anonymous communication with provable security
HotSec'10 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on Hot topics in security
Anonymity analysis of P2P anonymous communication systems
Computer Communications
Pr2-P2PSIP: privacy preserving P2P signaling for VoIP and IM
Principles, Systems and Applications of IP Telecommunications
ExperimenTor: a testbed for safe and realistic tor experimentation
CSET'11 Proceedings of the 4th conference on Cyber security experimentation and test
PIR-Tor: scalable anonymous communication using private information retrieval
SEC'11 Proceedings of the 20th USENIX conference on Security
PETS'11 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Trust-based anonymous communication: adversary models and routing algorithms
Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Stealthy traffic analysis of low-latency anonymous communication using throughput fingerprinting
Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Minimising anonymity loss in anonymity networks under DoS attacks
ICICS'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Information and communications security
Information Leaks in Structured Peer-to-Peer Anonymous Communication Systems
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC) - Special Issue on Computer and Communications Security
FC'10 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security
Anti-virus in-the-cloud service: are we ready for the security evolution?
Security and Communication Networks
A game-theoretic analysis of cooperation in anonymity networks
POST'12 Proceedings of the First international conference on Principles of Security and Trust
Throttling Tor bandwidth parasites
Security'12 Proceedings of the 21st USENIX conference on Security symposium
Methodically modeling the Tor network
CSET'12 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on Cyber Security Experimentation and Test
Changing of the guards: a framework for understanding and improving entry guard selection in tor
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
Effectiveness and detection of denial-of-service attacks in tor
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC)
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OSDI'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation
The dangers of composing anonymous channels
IH'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Information Hiding
Users get routed: traffic correlation on tor by realistic adversaries
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer & communications security
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Proceedings of the Third ACM workshop on Security and privacy in smartphones & mobile devices
Proactively accountable anonymous messaging in verdict
SEC'13 Proceedings of the 22nd USENIX conference on Security
The design and implementation of the A3 application-aware anonymity platform
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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We consider the effect attackers who disrupt anonymous communications have on the security of traditional high- and low-latency anonymous communication systems, as well as on the Hydra-Onion and Cashmere systems that aim to offer reliable mixing, and Salsa, a peer-to-peer anonymous communication network. We show that denial of service (DoS) lowers anonymity as messages need to get retransmitted to be delivered, presenting more opportunities for attack. We uncover a fundamental limit on the security of mix networks, showing that they cannot tolerate a majority of nodes being malicious. Cashmere, Hydra-Onion, and Salsa security is also badly affected by DoS attackers. Our results are backed by probabilistic modeling and extensive simulations and are of direct applicability to deployed anonymity systems.