The dining cryptographers problem: unconditional sender and recipient untraceability
Journal of Cryptology
How to break the direct RSA-implementation of mixes
EUROCRYPT '89 Proceedings of the workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques on Advances in cryptology
EUROCRYPT '89 Proceedings of the workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques on Advances in cryptology
Crowds: anonymity for Web transactions
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC)
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Communications of the ACM - Special 25th Anniversary Issue
Untraceable electronic mail, return addresses, and digital pseudonyms
Communications of the ACM
Tangler: a censorship-resistant publishing system based on document entanglements
CCS '01 Proceedings of the 8th ACM conference on Computer and Communications Security
Almost entirely correct mixing with applications to voting
Proceedings of the 9th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Tarzan: a peer-to-peer anonymizing network layer
Proceedings of the 9th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Introducing MorphMix: peer-to-peer based anonymous Internet usage with collusion detection
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society
Making Mix Nets Robust for Electronic Voting by Randomized Partial Checking
Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Security Symposium
Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Information Hiding
Real World Patterns of Failure in Anonymity Systems
IHW '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Information Hiding
Traffic Analysis Attacks and Trade-Offs in Anonymity Providing Systems
IHW '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Information Hiding
Limits of Anonymity in Open Environments
IH '02 Revised Papers from the 5th International Workshop on Information Hiding
From a Trickle to a Flood: Active Attacks on Several Mix Types
IH '02 Revised Papers from the 5th International Workshop on Information Hiding
FOCS '95 Proceedings of the 36th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
SNDSS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security (SNDSS '96)
P5: A Protocol for Scalable Anonymous Communication
SP '02 Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Statistical Identification of Encrypted Web Browsing Traffic
SP '02 Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Mixminion: Design of a Type III Anonymous Remailer Protocol
SP '03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Defending Anonymous Communications Against Passive Logging Attacks
SP '03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
A pseudonymous communications infrastructure for the internet
A pseudonymous communications infrastructure for the internet
Heartbeat traffic to counter (n-1) attacks: red-green-black mixes
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
How to achieve blocking resistance for existing systems enabling anonymous web surfing
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
Location diversity in anonymity networks
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
The predecessor attack: An analysis of a threat to anonymous communications systems
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC)
Low-Cost Traffic Analysis of Tor
SP '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
The pynchon gate: a secure method of pseudonymous mail retrieval
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
SP '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Nonesuch: a mix network with sender unobservability
Proceedings of the 5th ACM workshop on Privacy in electronic society
Salsa: a structured approach to large-scale anonymity
Proceedings of the 13th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
How to win the clonewars: efficient periodic n-times anonymous authentication
Proceedings of the 13th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Inferring the source of encrypted HTTP connections
Proceedings of the 13th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Publius: a robust, tamper-evident, censorship-resistant web publishing system
SSYM'00 Proceedings of the 9th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 9
Can pseudonymity really guarantee privacy?
SSYM'00 Proceedings of the 9th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 9
Tor: the second-generation onion router
SSYM'04 Proceedings of the 13th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 13
Electronic auctions with private bids
WOEC'98 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce - Volume 3
Usability of anonymous web browsing: an examination of Tor interfaces and deployability
Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on Usable privacy and security
Deploying Low-Latency Anonymity: Design Challenges and Social Factors
IEEE Security and Privacy
How much anonymity does network latency leak?
Proceedings of the 14th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Denial of service or denial of security?
Proceedings of the 14th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
ConceptDoppler: a weather tracker for internet censorship
Proceedings of the 14th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Receipt-free mix-type voting scheme: a practical solution to the implementation of a voting booth
EUROCRYPT'95 Proceedings of the 14th annual international conference on Theory and application of cryptographic techniques
Dummy traffic against long term intersection attacks
PET'02 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Fingerprinting websites using traffic analysis
PET'02 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Two-sided statistical disclosure attack
PET'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
PET'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Improving efficiency and simplicity of Tor circuit establishment and hidden services
PET'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Sampled traffic analysis by internet-exchange-level adversaries
PET'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Privacy enhancing technologies
Statistical disclosure or intersection attacks on anonymity systems
IH'04 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information Hiding
The hitting set attack on anonymity protocols
IH'04 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information Hiding
Practical traffic analysis: extending and resisting statistical disclosure
PET'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
The traffic analysis of continuous-time mixes
PET'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Synchronous batching: from cascades to free routes
PET'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
On flow correlation attacks and countermeasures in mix networks
PET'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
On blending attacks for mixes with memory
IH'05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Information Hiding
EUROCRYPT'05 Proceedings of the 24th annual international conference on Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques
Timing analysis in low-latency mix networks: attacks and defenses
ESORICS'06 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Research in Computer Security
Ignoring the great firewall of china
PET'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Blending different latency traffic with alpha-mixing
PET'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Breaking the collusion detection mechanism of morphmix
PET'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
An analysis of anonymity technology usage
TMA'11 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Traffic monitoring and analysis
Trust-based anonymous communication: adversary models and routing algorithms
Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Proceedings of the 27th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference
Efficient web browsing with perfect anonymity using page prefetching
ICA3PP'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing - Volume Part I
Review: A survey on solutions and main free tools for privacy enhancing Web communications
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Privacy rights management in multiparty multilevel DRM system
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics
Understanding statistical disclosure: a least squares approach
PETS'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Understanding new anonymity networks from a user's perspective
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Review: An overview of anonymity technology usage
Computer Communications
International Journal of Mobile Communications
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The past two decades have seen a growing interest in methods for anonymous communication on the Internet, both from the academic community and the general public. Several system designs have been proposed in the literature, of which a number have been implemented and are used by diverse groups, such as journalists, human rights workers, the military, and ordinary citizens, to protect their identities on the Internet. In this work, we survey the previous research done to design, develop, and deploy systems for enabling private and anonymous communication on the Internet. We identify and describe the major concepts and technologies in the field, including mixes and mix networks, onion routing, and Dining Cryptographers networks. We will also review powerful traffic analysis attacks that have motivated improvements and variations on many of these anonymity protocols made since their introduction. Finally, we will summarize some of the major open problems in anonymous communication research and discuss possible directions for future work in the field.