Numerical recipes: the art of scientific computing
Numerical recipes: the art of scientific computing
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Automated lip-synch and speech synthesis for character animation
CHI '87 Proceedings of the SIGCHI/GI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface
A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Real-time manipulation of texture-mapped surfaces
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Curves and surfaces for computer aided geometric design
Curves and surfaces for computer aided geometric design
Performance-driven facial animation
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Modeling and analysis of empirical data in collaborative environments
Communications of the ACM
Using a human face in an interface
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Dialogue control in social interface agents
CHI '93 INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
SIGGRAPH '81 Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interpolating splines with local tension, continuity, and bias control
SIGGRAPH '84 Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Speak out and annoy someone: experience with intelligent kiosks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
BEAT: the Behavior Expression Animation Toolkit
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Exploring many-to-one speech-to-text correlation for web-based language learning
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
Human-Computer Interaction
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This paper addresses the problem of automatically synchronizing computer-generated faces with synthetic speech. The complete process provides a novel form of face-to-face communication and the ability to create a new range of talking personable synthetic characters. Based on plain ASCII text input, a synthetic speech segment is generated and synchronized in real-time to a graphical display of an articulating mouth and face. The key component of the algorithm is the run-time facility that adaptively synchronizes the graphical display of the face to the audio.