On the problem of placing names in a geographic map
International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence
An expert system for the automatic placement of names on a geographic map
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Search: A survey of recent results
Exploring artificial intelligence
A Prolog rule-based system for cartographic name placement
Computer Graphics Forum
Local optimization and the traveling salesman problem
Proceedings of the seventeenth international colloquium on Automata, languages and programming
A packing problem with applications to lettering of maps
SCG '91 Proceedings of the seventh annual symposium on Computational geometry
A rule-based system for dense-map name placement
Communications of the ACM
Placing text labels on maps and diagrams
Graphics gems IV
Cartographic Name Placement with Prolog
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Empirical testing of algorithms for variable-sized label placement
SCG '97 Proceedings of the thirteenth annual symposium on Computational geometry
Point set labeling with sliding labels
Proceedings of the fourteenth annual symposium on Computational geometry
A unified approach to labeling graphical features
Proceedings of the fourteenth annual symposium on Computational geometry
Map labeling and its generalizations
SODA '97 Proceedings of the eighth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms
Practical extensions of point labeling in the slider model
Proceedings of the 7th ACM international symposium on Advances in geographic information systems
Data object and label placement for information abundant visualizations
Proceedings of the 1998 workshop on New paradigms in information visualization and manipulation
Dynamic label sampling on fisheye maps for information exploration
AVI '00 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Proceedings of the thirty-second SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer Science Education
View management for virtual and augmented reality
Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Practical Extensions of Point Labeling in the Slider Model*
Geoinformatica
Using Genetic Algorithms for Solving Hard Problems in GIS
Geoinformatica
A Factor-2 Approximation for Labeling Points with Maximum Sliding Labels
SWAT '02 Proceedings of the 8th Scandinavian Workshop on Algorithm Theory
Elastic Labels Around the Perimeter of a Map
WADS '99 Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Algorithms and Data Structures
Efficient Approximation Algorithms for Multi-label Map Labeling
ISAAC '99 Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation
A Better Lower Bound for Two-Circle Point Labeling
ISAAC '00 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Algorithms and Computation
ISAAC '01 Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation
ISAAC '01 Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation
Optimal Labelling of Point Features in the Slider Model
COCOON '00 Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Conference on Computing and Combinatorics
Polynomial Time Algorithms for Three-Label Point Labeling
COCOON '01 Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Conference on Computing and Combinatorics
A Combinatorial Framework for Map Labeling
GD '98 Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Graph Drawing
An Optimisation Algorithm for Maximum Independent Set with Applications in Map Labelling
ESA '99 Proceedings of the 7th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms
New Algorithms for Two-Label Point Labeling
ESA '00 Proceedings of the 8th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms
Polynomial time algorithms for three-label point labeling
Theoretical Computer Science - Computing and combinatorics
ACSC '03 Proceedings of the 26th Australasian computer science conference - Volume 16
From Metaphor to Method: Cartographic Perspectives on Information Visualization
INFOVIS '00 Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Vizualization 2000
Elastic labels around the perimeter of a map
Journal of Algorithms
Label placement for dynamic objects
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
Evaluating Label Placement for Augmented Reality View Management
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
On the Design and Analysis of Competent Selecto-recombinative GAs
Evolutionary Computation
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
Visualization of Geo-spatial Point Sets via Global Shape Transformation and Local Pixel Placement
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Algorithms for the multiple label placement problem
Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications
Visualization in Medicine: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
Visualization in Medicine: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
On labeling in graph visualization
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Specifying label layout style by example
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Embedded labels for line features in interactive 3D virtual environments
AFRIGRAPH '07 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer graphics, virtual reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa
Lagrangean relaxation with clusters for point-feature cartographic label placement problems
Computers and Operations Research
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
A greedy randomized adaptive search procedure for the point-feature cartographic label placement
Computers & Geosciences
Optimizing active ranges for consistent dynamic map labeling
Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual symposium on Computational geometry
Dynamic label placement for improved interactive exploration
NPAR '08 Proceedings of the 6th international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGSPATIAL international conference on Advances in geographic information systems
Graph-based Visualization of Requirements Relationships
REV '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Requirements Engineering Visualization
A new fast heuristic for labeling points
Information Processing Letters
Evaluation of Alternative Label Placement Techniques in Dynamic Virtual Environments
SG '09 Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Smart Graphics
An efficient algorithm for scatter chart labeling
AAAI'06 proceedings of the 21st national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Optimizing active ranges for consistent dynamic map labeling
Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications
Algorithms for the multiple label placement problem
Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications
Computer Standards & Interfaces
Video segmentation and shot boundary detection using self-organizing maps
SCIA'07 Proceedings of the 15th Scandinavian conference on Image analysis
Convex onion peeling genetic algorithm: an efficient solution to map labeling of point-feature
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
Maximizing the number of independent labels in the plane
FAW'07 Proceedings of the 1st annual international conference on Frontiers in algorithmics
Automated schematization for web service applications
W2GIS'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Web and wireless geographical information systems
Computers and Operations Research
Journal of Heuristics
Automatic generation of destination maps
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2010 papers
Interactive furniture layout using interior design guidelines
ACM SIGGRAPH 2011 papers
Human-centered visualization environments
Human-centered visualization environments
A zone-based approach for placing annotation labels on metro maps
SG'11 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Smart graphics
An automated procedure for word balloon placement in cinema comics
ISVC'06 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in Visual Computing - Volume Part II
Balance algorithm for point-feature label placement problem
ICANN'05 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Artificial Neural Networks: biological Inspirations - Volume Part I
Real-Time video annotations for augmented reality
ISVC'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Advances in Visual Computing
Label number maximization in the slider model
GD'04 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Graph Drawing
Labeling dense maps for location-based services
W2GIS'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Web and Wireless Geographical Information Systems
Metrics for functional and aesthetic label layouts
SG'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Smart Graphics
A smart algorithm for column chart labeling
SG'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Smart Graphics
GerbilSphere: Inner sphere network visualization
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Temporally coherent real-time labeling of dynamic scenes
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computing for Geospatial Research and Applications
Form follows function: aesthetic interactive labels
Computational Aesthetics'05 Proceedings of the First Eurographics conference on Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging
Seamless integration of labels into interactive virtual 3D environments using parameterized hulls
Computational Aesthetics'08 Proceedings of the Fourth Eurographics conference on Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging
A view management method for mobile mixed reality systems
EGVE'08 Proceedings of the 14th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
Dynamic topography information landscapes: an incremental approach to visual knowledge discovery
DaWaK'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Data Warehousing and Knowledge Discovery
EuroVis'09 Proceedings of the 11th Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
Duking it out at the smartphone mobile app mapping API corral: Apple, Google, and the competition
Proceedings of the First ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Mobile Geographic Information Systems
Proceedings of the 30th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics
Dispersion for the point-feature cartographic label placement problem
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Automatic annotation placement for interactive maps
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces
Spatially efficient design of annotated metro maps
EuroVis '13 Proceedings of the 15th Eurographics Conference on Visualization
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A major factor affecting the clarity of graphical displays that include text labels is the degree to which labels obscure display features (including other labels) as a result of spatial overlap. Point-feature label placement (PFLP) is the problem of placing text labels adjacent to point features on a map or diagram so as to maximize legibility. This problem occurs frequently in the production of many types of informational graphics, though it arises most often in automated cartography. In this paper we present a comprehensive treatment of the PFLP problem, viewed as a type of combinatorial optimization problem. Complexity analysis reveals that the basic PFLP problem and most interesting variants of it are NP-hard. These negative results help inform a survey of previously reported algorithms for PFLP; not surprisingly, all such algorithms either have exponential time complexity or are incomplete. To solve the PFLP problem in practice, then, we must rely on good heuristic methods. We propose two new methods, one based on a discrete form of gradient descent, the other on simulated annealing, and report on a series of empirical tests comparing these and the other known algorithms for the problem. Based on this study, the first to be conducted, we identify the best approaches as a function of available computation time.