Heuristics for designing enjoyable user interfaces: Lessons from computer games
CHI '82 Proceedings of the 1982 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Labeling images with a computer game
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Leveraging Social Networks To Motivate Individuals to Reduce their Ecological Footprints
HICSS '07 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Activity sensing in the wild: a field trial of ubifit garden
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Game design principles in everyday fitness applications
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
One size does not fit all: applying the transtheoretical model to energy feedback technology design
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The design of eco-feedback technology
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Wattsup?: motivating reductions in domestic energy consumption using social networks
Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries
Five design challenges for human computation
Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries
Crowdsourcing systems on the World-Wide Web
Communications of the ACM
Dusting for science: motivation and participation of digital citizen science volunteers
Proceedings of the 2011 iConference
Designing incentives for inexpert human raters
Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work
"Voluntweeters": self-organizing by digital volunteers in times of crisis
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Creek watch: pairing usefulness and usability for successful citizen science
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Normative influences on thoughtful online participation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Gamification. using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts
CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Gamification by Design: Implementing Game Mechanics in Web and Mobile Apps
Gamification by Design: Implementing Game Mechanics in Web and Mobile Apps
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Communities and Technologies
Crowdsourcing in the cultural heritage domain: opportunities and challenges
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Communities and Technologies
Dynamic changes in motivation in collaborative citizen-science projects
Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Quality through flow and immersion: gamifying crowdsourced relevance assessments
SIGIR '12 Proceedings of the 35th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Defining gamification: a service marketing perspective
Proceeding of the 16th International Academic MindTrek Conference
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Free as in puppies: compensating for ict constraints in citizen science
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Uncovering practices of making energy consumption accountable: A phenomenological inquiry
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Mind the theoretical gap: interpreting, using, and developing behavioral theory in HCI research
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Normification: using crowdsourced technology to affect third-party change
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Theory vs. design-driven approaches for behavior change research
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using crowdsourcing to support pro-environmental community activism
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Engagement, motivation and active contribution by digital volunteers are key requirements for crowdsourcing and citizen science projects. Many systems use competitive elements, for example point scoring and leaderboards, to achieve these ends. However, while competition may motivate some people, it can have a neutral or demotivating effect on others. In this paper we explore theories of personal and social norms and investigate normification as an alternative approach to engagement, to be used alongside or instead of competitive strategies. We provide a systematic review of existing crowdsourcing and citizen science literature and categorise the ways that theories of norms have been incorporated to date. We then present qualitative interview data from a pro-environmental crowdsourcing study, Close the Door, which reveals normalising attitudes in certain participants. We assess how this links with competitive behaviour and participant performance. Based on our findings and analysis of norm theories, we consider the implications for designers wishing to use normification as an engagement strategy in crowdsourcing and citizen science systems.