Bidirectional reflection functions from surface bump maps
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Application of the Karhunen-Loeve Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A global illumination solution for general reflectance distributions
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Face recognition: the problem of compensating for changes in illumination direction
ECCV '94 Proceedings of the third European conference on Computer vision (vol. 1)
Visual learning and recognition of 3-D objects from appearance
International Journal of Computer Vision
On Photometric Issues in 3D Visual Recognition from aSingle 2D Image
International Journal of Computer Vision
What Is the Set of Images of an Object Under All Possible Illumination Conditions?
International Journal of Computer Vision
International Journal of Computer Vision
A signal-processing framework for inverse rendering
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Principal Component Analysis over Continuous Subspaces and Intersection of Half-Spaces
ECCV '02 Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision-Part III
Illumination Cones for Recognition under Variable Lighting: Faces
CVPR '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
From Few to Many: Generative Models for Recognition Under Variable Pose and Illumination
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Lambertian Reflectance and Linear Subspaces
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Efficient and realistic visualization of cloth
EGRW '03 Proceedings of the 14th Eurographics workshop on Rendering
Illumination Modeling and Normalization for Face Recognition
AMFG '03 Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures
Segmented Linear Subspaces for Illumination-Robust Face Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
A signal-processing framework for reflection
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Capture and Synthesis of 3D Surface Texture
International Journal of Computer Vision - Special Issue on Texture Analysis and Synthesis
Eigenregions for Image Classification
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Fourier Theory for Cast Shadows
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Acquiring Linear Subspaces for Face Recognition under Variable Lighting
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Conveying Shape and Features with Image-Based Relighting
Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS'03)
Estimating illumination parameters in real space with application to image relighting
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Noise-Resistant Fitting for Spherical Harmonics
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
An Analysis of Linear Subspace Approaches for Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
Realistic materials in computer graphics
SIGGRAPH '05 ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Courses
Photometric Stereo with General, Unknown Lighting
International Journal of Computer Vision
Tabletop Computed Lighting for Practical Digital Photography
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Illumination Invariant Face Recognition Using Near-Infrared Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A theory of locally low dimensional light transport
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
Building Illumination Coherent 3D Models of Large-Scale Outdoor Scenes
International Journal of Computer Vision
A method of illumination compensation for human face image based on quotient image
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Pose-encoded spherical harmonics for face recognition and synthesis using a single image
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
Using specularities in comparing 3D models and 2D images
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Rank Constraints for Homographies over Two Views: Revisiting the Rank Four Constraint
International Journal of Computer Vision
CAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 International Asia Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics
Face recognition across pose: A review
Pattern Recognition
3D face recognition with sparse spherical representations
Pattern Recognition
Eigendecomposition of images correlated on S1, S2, and SO(3) using spectral theory
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Designing eigenspace manifolds: with application to object identification and pose estimation
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
An illustration of eigenspace decomposition for illumination invariant pose estimation
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
Generalised ambient reflection models for lambertian and phong surfaces
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
Linear projection methods in face recognition under unconstrained illuminations: a comparative study
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Eigen-harmonics faces: face recognition under generic lighting
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Face recognition under varying lighting conditions using self quotient image
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Face recognition under variable lighting using harmonic image exemplars
CVPR'03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Eigenlights: recovering illumination from face images
IDEAL'11 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent data engineering and automated learning
A practical face relighting method for directional lighting normalization
AMFG'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures
Pose-encoded spherical harmonics for robust face recognition using a single image
AMFG'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures
Estimating illumination parameters in real space with application to image relighting
ACCV'06 Proceedings of the 7th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Photometric normalisation for face verification
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
A fast method of lighting estimate using multi-linear algebra
SINOBIOMETRICS'04 Proceedings of the 5th Chinese conference on Advances in Biometric Person Authentication
Translational photometric alignment of single-view image sequences
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Robust sparse bounding sphere for 3D face recognition
Image and Vision Computing
Extended photometric sampling for surface shape recovery
MCPR'12 Proceedings of the 4th Mexican conference on Pattern Recognition
An analysis of the in-out BRDF factorization for view-dependent relighting
EGSR'08 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering
Separability oriented preprocessing for illumination-insensitive face recognition
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part VII
Greedy feature selection for subspace clustering
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
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We analyze theoretically the subspace best approximating images of a convex Lambertian object taken from the same viewpoint, but under different distant illumination conditions. Since the lighting is an arbitrary function, the space of all possible images is formally infinite-dimensional. However, previous empirical work has shown that images of largely diffuse objects actually lie very close to a five-dimensional subspace. In this paper, we analytically construct the principal component analysis for images of a convex Lambertian object, explicitly taking attached shadows into account, and find the principal eigenmodes and eigenvalues with respect to lighting variability. Our analysis makes use of an analytic formula for the irradiance in terms of spherical-harmonic coefficients of the illumination and shows, under appropriate assumptions, that the principal components or eigenvectors are identical to the spherical harmonic basis functions evaluated at the surface normal vectors. Our main contribution is in extending these results to the single-viewpoint case, showing how the principal eigenmodes and eigenvalues are affected when only a limited subset (the upper hemisphere) of normals is available and the spherical harmonics are no longer orthonormal over the restricted domain. Our results are very close, both qualitatively and quantitatively, to previous empirical observations and represent the first essentially complete theoretical explanation of these observations. Our analysis is also likely to be of interest in other areas of computer vision and image-based rendering. In particular, our results indicate that using complex illumination for photometric problems in computer vision is not significantly more difficult than using directional sources.