Rapid controlled movement through a virtual 3D workspace
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Real-time robot motion planning using rasterizing computer graphics hardware
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The go-go interaction technique: non-linear mapping for direct manipulation in VR
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
OBBTree: a hierarchical structure for rapid interference detection
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The influence of muscle groups on performance of multiple degree-of-freedom input
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Image plane interaction techniques in 3D immersive environments
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Navigation guided by artificial force fields
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Six degree-of-freedom haptic rendering using voxel sampling
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Levels of control during a collaborative carrying task
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Movement in Cluttered Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Virtual Locomotion: Walking in Place through Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Verbal communication during cooperative object manipulation
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Collaborative virtual environments
Implementing flexible rules of interaction for object manipulation in cluttered virtual environments
VRST '02 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
PRISM interaction for enhancing control in immersive virtual environments
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
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A set of rules is presented for the design of interfaces that allow virtual objects to be manipulated in 3D virtual environments (VEs). The rules differ from other interaction techniques because they focus on the problems of manipulating objects in cluttered spaces rather than open spaces. Two experiments are described that were used to evaluate the effect of different interaction rules on participants' performance when they performed a task known as "the piano movers problem." This task involved participants in moving a virtual human through parts of a virtual building while simultaneously manipulating a large virtual object that was held in the virtual human's hands, resembling the simulation of manual materials handling in a VE for ergonomic design. Throughout, participants viewed the VE on a large monitor, using an "over-the-shoulder" perspective. In the most cluttered VEs, the time that participants took to complete the task varied by up to 76% with different combinations of rules, thus indicating the need for flexible forms of interaction in such environments.