Low power FPGA design—a re-engineering approach
DAC '97 Proceedings of the 34th annual Design Automation Conference
Power optimization for FPGA look-up tables
Proceedings of the 1997 international symposium on Physical design
The design of a low energy FPGA
ISLPED '99 Proceedings of the 1999 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Dynamic power consumption in Virtex™-II FPGA family
FPGA '02 Proceedings of the 2002 ACM/SIGDA tenth international symposium on Field-programmable gate arrays
Cycle-accurate energy measurement and characterization with a case study of the ARM7TDMI
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Energy exploration and reduction of SDRAM memory systems
Proceedings of the 39th annual Design Automation Conference
Sequential Circuit Design Using Synthesis and Optimization
ICCD '92 Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors
A Probabilistic Power Prediction Tool for the Xilinx 4000-Series FPGA
IPDPS '00 Proceedings of the 15 IPDPS 2000 Workshops on Parallel and Distributed Processing
Optimizing power using transformations
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe: Proceedings
Design space exploration and prototyping for on-chip multimedia applications
Proceedings of the 43rd annual Design Automation Conference
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Closed-loop modeling of power and temperature profiles of FPGAs
Proceedings of the ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Empirical method based on neural networks for analog power modeling
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
"It's a small world after all": noc performance optimization via long-range link insertion
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
A complete dynamic power estimation model for data-paths in FPGA DSP designs
Integration, the VLSI Journal
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Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) play many important roles, ranging from small glue logic replacement to System-on-Chip (SoC) designs. Nevertheless, FPGA vendors cannot accurately specify the power consumption of their products on device data sheets because the power consumption of FPGAs is strongly dependent on the target circuit, including resource utilization, logic partitioning, mapping, placement and routing. Although major CAD tools have started to report average power consumption under given transition activities, power-efficient FPGA design demands more detailed information about power consumption. In this paper, we introduce an in-house cycle-accurate FPGA energy measurement tool and energy characterization schemes spanning low-level to high-level design. This tool offers all the capabilities necessary to investigate the energy consumption of FPGAs for operation-based energy characterization, which is applicable to high-level and system-wide energy estimation. It also includes features for low-level energy characterization. We compare our tool with Xilinx XPower and demonstrate the state-machine-based energy characterization of an SDRAM controller.