High-speed digital design: a handbook of black magic
High-speed digital design: a handbook of black magic
Power analysis of embedded software: a first step towards software power minimization
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems - Special issue on low-power design
Power analysis and low-power scheduling techniques for embedded DSP software
ISSS '95 Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on System synthesis
Opportunities and obstacles in low-power system-level CAD
DAC '96 Proceedings of the 33rd annual Design Automation Conference
Validation of an architectural level power analysis technique
DAC '98 Proceedings of the 35th annual Design Automation Conference
Cycle-accurate simulation of energy consumption in embedded systems
Proceedings of the 36th annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
The design and use of simplepower: a cycle-accurate energy estimation tool
Proceedings of the 37th Annual Design Automation Conference
Cycle-accurate energy consumption measurement and analysis: case study of ARM7TDMI
ISLPED '00 Proceedings of the 2000 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Characterization-free behavioral power modeling
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe
ARM System Architecture
Apple Macintosh's Energy Consumption
IEEE Micro
Challenges in Low Power Microprocessor Design
VLSID '96 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on VLSI Design: VLSI in Mobile Communication
A Data Dependent Approach to Instruction Level Power Estimation
VOLTA '99 Proceedings of the IEEE Alessandro Volta Memorial Workshop on Low-Power Design
Software Power Estimation and Optimization for High Performance, 32-bit Embedded Processors
ICCD '98 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design
Energy-Monitoring Tool for Low-Power Embedded Programs
IEEE Design & Test
Instrumentation Set-up for Instruction Level Power Modeling
PATMOS '02 Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Integrated Circuit Design. Power and Timing Modeling, Optimization and Simulation
LPBP: low-power basis profile of the Java 2 Micro Edition
Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
XTREM: a power simulator for the Intel XScale® core
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
DLS: dynamic backlight luminance scaling of liquid crystal display
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Web-Based Energy Exploration Tool for Embedded Systems
IEEE Design & Test
Cycle-Accurate Energy Measurement and Characterization of FPGAs
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing
The XTREM power and performance simulator for the Intel XScale core: Design and experiences
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Proceedings of the 17th ACM Great Lakes symposium on VLSI
Instruction level energy modeling for pipelined processors
Journal of Embedded Computing - Low-power Embedded Systems
Energy-efficient acceleration of MPEG-4 compression tools
EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems
A design framework for real-time embedded systems with code size and energy constraints
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Algorithms and analysis of scheduling for low-power high-performance DSP on VLIW processors
International Journal of High Performance Computing and Networking
Developing an environment for embedded software energy estimation
Computer Standards & Interfaces
Empirical method based on neural networks for analog power modeling
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Generating power-hungry test programs for power-aware validation of pipelined processors
SBCCI '10 Proceedings of the 23rd symposium on Integrated circuits and system design
Invited talk: in-house tools for low-power embedded systems
ICESS'04 Proceedings of the First international conference on Embedded Software and Systems
Hardware cost estimation for application-specific processor design
SAMOS'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded Computer Systems: architectures, Modeling, and Simulation
Functional-Level Energy Characterization of µC/OS-II and Cache Locking for Energy Saving
Bell Labs Technical Journal
Power Modeling and Characterization of Computing Devices: A Survey
Foundations and Trends in Electronic Design Automation
Supporting faulty banks in NUCA by NoC assisted remapping mechanisms
The Journal of Supercomputing
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Energy characterization is the basis for high-level energy reduction. Measurement-based characterization is accurate and independent of model availability and is thus suitable for commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, but conventional measurement equipment has serious limitations in this context. We introduce a new technique for the energy characterization of a microprocessor, using a cycle-accurate energy measurement system based on charge transfer which is robust to spiky noise and is able to collect a range of energy consumption profiles in real time. It measures the energy variation of the CPU core by changing the instruction-level energy-sensitive factors such as opcodes (operations), instruction fetch addresses, register numbers, register values, data fetch addresses and immediate operand values at each pipeline stage. Using the ARM7TDMI RISC processor as a case study, we observe that the energy contributions of most instruction-level energy-sensitive factors are orthogonal to the operations. We are able to characterize the energy variation, preserving all the effects of the energy-sensitive factors for various software methods of energy reduction. We also demonstrate applications of our measurement and characterization techniques.