Power analysis of embedded software: a first step towards software power minimization
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems - Special issue on low-power design
A survey of power estimation techniques in VLSI circuits
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems - Special issue on low-power design
Power estimation techniques for integrated circuits
ICCAD '95 Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Energy characterization based on clustering
DAC '96 Proceedings of the 33rd annual Design Automation Conference
Register-transfer level estimation techniques for switching activity and power consumption
Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
ISLPED '96 Proceedings of the 1996 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Profile-driven program synthesis for evaluation of system power dissipation
DAC '97 Proceedings of the 34th annual Design Automation Conference
The SimpleScalar tool set, version 2.0
ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News
A framework for estimation and minimizing energy dissipation of embedded HW/SW systems
DAC '98 Proceedings of the 35th annual Design Automation Conference
Wireplanning in logic synthesis
Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Cycle-accurate simulation of energy consumption in embedded systems
Proceedings of the 36th annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
Power modeling for high-level power estimation
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Power analysis of embedded operating systems
Proceedings of the 37th Annual Design Automation Conference
The design and use of simplepower: a cycle-accurate energy estimation tool
Proceedings of the 37th Annual Design Automation Conference
Function-level power estimation methodology for microprocessors
Proceedings of the 37th Annual Design Automation Conference
Wattch: a framework for architectural-level power analysis and optimizations
Proceedings of the 27th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
A hybrid approach for core-based system-level power modeling
ASP-DAC '00 Proceedings of the 2000 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
Architecture-level power estimation and design experiments
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
JouleTrack: a web based tool for software energy profiling
Proceedings of the 38th annual Design Automation Conference
High-level software energy macro-modeling
Proceedings of the 38th annual Design Automation Conference
Run-time power estimation in high performance microprocessors
ISLPED '01 Proceedings of the 2001 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Dynamic power consumption in Virtex™-II FPGA family
FPGA '02 Proceedings of the 2002 ACM/SIGDA tenth international symposium on Field-programmable gate arrays
Cycle-accurate energy measurement and characterization with a case study of the ARM7TDMI
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Cosimulation-based power estimation for system-on-chip design
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Architecture evaluation for power-efficient FPGAs
FPGA '03 Proceedings of the 2003 ACM/SIGDA eleventh international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Asim: A Performance Model Framework
Computer
A Probabilistic Power Prediction Tool for the Xilinx 4000-Series FPGA
IPDPS '00 Proceedings of the 15 IPDPS 2000 Workshops on Parallel and Distributed Processing
Power-Performance Modeling and Tradeoff Analysis for a High End Microprocessor
PACS '00 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Power-Aware Computer Systems-Revised Papers
Proceedings of the 35th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Orion: a power-performance simulator for interconnection networks
Proceedings of the 35th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Parameter variations and impact on circuits and microarchitecture
Proceedings of the 40th annual Design Automation Conference
Run-time modeling and estimation of operating system power consumption
SIGMETRICS '03 Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Software Power Estimation and Optimization for High Performance, 32-bit Embedded Processors
ICCD '98 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design
Full chip leakage estimation considering power supply and temperature variations
Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Statistical estimation of leakage current considering inter- and intra-die process variation
Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Leakage power modeling and optimization in interconnection networks
Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Leakage and leakage sensitivity computation for combinational circuits
Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
AccuPower: An Accurate Power Estimation Tool for Superscalar Microprocessors
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe
Using Complete Machine Simulation for Software Power Estimation: The SoftWatt Approach
HPCA '02 Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture
SEAS: a system for early analysis of SoCs
Proceedings of the 1st IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
Runtime Power Monitoring in High-End Processors: Methodology and Empirical Data
Proceedings of the 36th annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
System Level Power Modeling and Simulation of High-End Industrial Network-on-Chip
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe - Volume 3
Cycle-accurate power analysis for multiprocessor systems-on-a-chip
Proceedings of the 14th ACM Great Lakes symposium on VLSI
Early analysis tools for system-on-a-chip design
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Power analysis of system-level on-chip communication architectures
Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
Power Monitors: A Framework for System-Level Power Estimation Using Heterogeneous Power Models
VLSID '05 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on VLSI Design held jointly with 4th International Conference on Embedded Systems Design
Modeling Within-Die Spatial Correlation Effects for Process-Design Co-Optimization
ISQED '05 Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Quality of Electronic Design
Quantifying Error in Dynamic Power Estimation of CMOS Circuits
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing
A detailed power model for field-programmable gate arrays
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Full-chip analysis of leakage power under process variations, including spatial correlations
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
Runtime identification of microprocessor energy saving opportunities
ISLPED '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
FPGA clock network architecture: flexibility vs. area and power
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/SIGDA 14th international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
A tale of two nets: studies of wirelength progression in physical design
Proceedings of the 2006 international workshop on System-level interconnect prediction
ASP-DAC '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
PowerViP: Soc power estimation framework at transaction level
ASP-DAC '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
ISQED '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design
An analytical state dependent leakage power model for FPGAs
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe: Proceedings
A systematic method for functional unit power estimation in microprocessors
Proceedings of the 43rd annual Design Automation Conference
Accurate and efficient regression modeling for microarchitectural performance and power prediction
Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Proceedings of the 39th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Design for Manufacturability and Statistical Design: A Comprehensive Approach
Design for Manufacturability and Statistical Design: A Comprehensive Approach
Power provisioning for a warehouse-sized computer
Proceedings of the 34th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Power macromodeling of MPSoC message passing primitives
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) - Special Section LCTES'05
Thousand core chips: a technology perspective
Proceedings of the 44th annual Design Automation Conference
CLIPPER: Counter-based Low Impact Processor Power Estimation at Run-time
ASP-DAC '07 Proceedings of the 2007 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
High-Level Power Estimation and Low-Power Design Space Exploration for FPGAs
ASP-DAC '07 Proceedings of the 2007 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Accurate and fast system-level power modeling: An XScale-based case study
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Within-die process variations: how accurately can they be statistically modeled?
Proceedings of the 2008 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
On the trade-off between power and flexibility of FPGA clock networks
ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems (TRETS)
Liquid Metal: Object-Oriented Programming Across the Hardware/Software Boundary
ECOOP '08 Proceedings of the 22nd European conference on Object-Oriented Programming
System-level PVT variation-aware power exploration of on-chip communication architectures
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
On-Chip Communication Architectures: System on Chip Interconnect
On-Chip Communication Architectures: System on Chip Interconnect
A view of the parallel computing landscape
Communications of the ACM - A View of Parallel Computing
Full-chip model for leakage-current estimation considering within-die correlation
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
On-Chip Networks
Characterizing processor thermal behavior
Proceedings of the fifteenth edition of ASPLOS on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Decomposable and responsive power models for multicore processors using performance counters
Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Supercomputing
An integrated GPU power and performance model
Proceedings of the 37th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Debunking the 100X GPU vs. CPU myth: an evaluation of throughput computing on CPU and GPU
Proceedings of the 37th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Thermal monitoring of real processors: techniques for sensor allocation and full characterization
Proceedings of the 47th Design Automation Conference
Post-silicon power characterization using thermal infrared emissions
Proceedings of the 16th ACM/IEEE international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Opportunities and challenges to unify workload, power, and cooling management in data centers
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
SoftPower: fine-grain power estimations using performance counters
Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing
Power and thermal characterization of POWER6 system
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques
A comparison of high-level full-system power models
HotPower'08 Proceedings of the 2008 conference on Power aware computing and systems
Analyzing the impact of process variations on parametric measurements: novel models and applications
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
ORION 2.0: a fast and accurate NoC power and area model for early-stage design space exploration
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
Statistical power modeling of GPU kernels using performance counters
GREENCOMP '10 Proceedings of the International Conference on Green Computing
Thermal and power characterization of field-programmable gate arrays
Proceedings of the 19th ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Customizable Domain-Specific Computing
IEEE Design & Test
The Future of Computing Performance: Game Over or Next Level?
The Future of Computing Performance: Game Over or Next Level?
PowerDepot: integrating IP-based power modeling with ESL power analysis for multi-core SoC designs
Proceedings of the 48th Design Automation Conference
Improved post-silicon power modeling using AC lock-in techniques
Proceedings of the 48th Design Automation Conference
A Unified Framework for Multimodal Submodular Integrated Circuits Trojan Detection
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Instruction-based system-level power evaluation of system-on-a-chip peripheral cores
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Towards a high-level power estimation capability [digital ICs]
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Estimation of average switching activity in combinational logic circuits using symbolic simulation
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Probabilistic modeling of dependencies during switching activity analysis
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
High-level power modeling, estimation, and optimization
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Early power estimation for VLSI circuits
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Power modeling and characteristics of field programmable gate arrays
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Measuring the Gap Between FPGAs and ASICs
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Automated Energy/Performance Macromodeling of Embedded Software
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Transition density: a new measure of activity in digital circuits
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Focal-plane-arrays and CMOS readout techniques of infrared imaging systems
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Post-compiler software optimization for reducing energy
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
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In this survey we describe the main research directions in pre-silicon power modeling and post-silicon power characterization. We review techniques in power modeling and characterization for three computing substrates: general-purpose processors, system-on-chip-based embedded systems, and field programmable gate arrays. We describe the basic principles that govern power consumption in digital circuits, and utilize these principles to describe high-level power modeling techniques for designs of the three computing substrates. Once a computing device is fabricated, direct measurements on the actual device reveal a great wealth of information about the device's power consumption under various operating conditions. We describe characterization techniques that integrate infrared imaging with electric current measurements to generate runtime power maps. The power maps can be used to validate design-time power models and to calibrate computer-aided design tools. We also describe empirical power characterization techniques for software power analysis and for adaptive power-aware computing. Finally, we provide a number of plausible future research directions for power modeling and characterization.