Proceedings of the seventh international conference (1990) on Machine learning
Learning internal representations by error propagation
Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1
Discovery of subroutines in genetic programming
Advances in genetic programming
Symbiotic evolution of neural networks in sequential decision tasks
Symbiotic evolution of neural networks in sequential decision tasks
Evolution and Optimum Seeking: The Sixth Generation
Evolution and Optimum Seeking: The Sixth Generation
Methods for Competitive Co-Evolution: Finding Opponents Worth Beating
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
A Coevolutionary Approach to Learning Sequential Decision Rules
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
The Symbiotic Evolution of Solutions and Their Representations
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
Genetic Algorithms and the Immune System
PPSN I Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
A Cooperative Coevolutionary Approach to Function Optimization
PPSN III Proceedings of the International Conference on Evolutionary Computation. The Third Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature: Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
Search-intensive concept induction
Evolutionary Computation
Forming neural networks through efficient and adaptive coevolution
Evolutionary Computation
Teaching students to use genetic algorithms to solve optimization problems
Proceedings of the seventh annual consortium for computing in small colleges central plains conference on The journal of computing in small colleges
Evolving coordination strategies in simulated robot soccer
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Autonomous agents
Data visualization: parallel coordinates and dimension reduction
Computing in Science and Engineering
Clustering Moving Data With a Modified Immune Algorithm
Proceedings of the EvoWorkshops on Applications of Evolutionary Computing
Multi-objective Co-operative Co-evolutionary Genetic Algorithm
PPSN VII Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
Parameter Control within a Co-operative Co-evolutionary Genetic Algorithm
PPSN VII Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
Introducing Multi-objective Optimization in Cooperative Coevolution of Neural Networks
IWANN '01 Proceedings of the 6th International Work-Conference on Artificial and Natural Neural Networks: Connectionist Models of Neurons, Learning Processes and Artificial Intelligence-Part I
Cooperative Coevolution for Learning Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems
Selected Papers from the 5th European Conference on Artificial Evolution
AAMAS '03 Proceedings of the second international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Exploiting the Analogy between the Immune System and Sparse Distributed Memories
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Design of combinational logic circuits through an evolutionary multiobjective optimization approach
Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing
Evolutionary approaches to fuzzy modelling for classification
The Knowledge Engineering Review
Evolving Soccer Keepaway Players Through Task Decomposition
Machine Learning
The MaxSolve algorithm for coevolution
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Co-evolving recurrent neurons learn deep memory POMDPs
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Monotonic solution concepts in coevolution
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Understanding cooperative co-evolutionary dynamics via simple fitness landscapes
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
On identifying global optima in cooperative coevolution
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
The emulation of social institutions as a method of coevolution
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Cooperative Multi-Agent Learning: The State of the Art
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Evolving an ecology of two-tiered organizations
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual workshop on Genetic and evolutionary computation
The Cooperative Coevolutionary (1+1) EA
Evolutionary Computation
Ideal Evaluation from Coevolution
Evolutionary Computation
Combating Coevolutionary Disengagement by Reducing Parasite Virulence
Evolutionary Computation
The Hierarchical Fair Competition (HFC) Framework for Sustainable Evolutionary Algorithms
Evolutionary Computation
Learning inexpensive parametric design models using an augmented genetic programming technique
Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing
Parisian evolution with honeybees for three-dimensional reconstruction
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
The parallel Nash Memory for asymmetric games
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Robustness in cooperative coevolution
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
MOGE: GP classification problem decomposition using multi-objective optimization
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Comparing evolutionary and temporal difference methods in a reinforcement learning domain
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Genetic parallel programming: design and implementation
Evolutionary Computation
The speciating island model: an alternative parallel evolutionary algorithm
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing - Special issue on parallel bioinspired algorithms
Effects of diversity control in single-objective and multi-objective genetic algorithms
Journal of Heuristics
A cooperative constructive method for neural networks for pattern recognition
Pattern Recognition
Information Sciences: an International Journal
A Monotonic Archive for Pareto-Coevolution
Evolutionary Computation
Introducing probabilistic adaptive mapping developmental genetic programming with redundant mappings
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Analyzing the effects of module encapsulation on search space bias
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A building-block royal road where crossover is provably essential
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Heuristic speciation for evolving neural network ensemble
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Agent-Based Model of Genotype Editing
Evolutionary Computation
Biologically-inspired Complex Adaptive Systems approaches to Network Intrusion Detection
Information Security Tech. Report
Improving multiclass pattern recognition with a co-evolutionary RBFNN
Pattern Recognition Letters
A symbiotic genetic algorithm with local-and-global mapping search for reinforcement fuzzy control
Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology
Large scale evolutionary optimization using cooperative coevolution
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Applications of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms to air operations mission planning
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Neuro-evolution for a gathering and collective construction task
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Theoretical Advantages of Lenient Learners: An Evolutionary Game Theoretic Perspective
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Variations of the two-spiral task
Connection Science
Hierarchical Co-evolution of Cooperating Agents Acting in the Brain-Arena
Adaptive Behavior - Animals, Animats, Software Agents, Robots, Adaptive Systems
Cooperative body–brain coevolutionary synthesis of mechatronic systems
Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing
Efficient evaluation functions for evolving coordination
Evolutionary Computation
Coevolutionary bid-based genetic programming for problem decomposition in classification
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Co-operative Co-evolutionary System for Solving Dynamic VRPTW Problems with Crisis Situations
HoloMAS '07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Industrial Applications of Holonic and Multi-Agent Systems: Holonic and Multi-Agent Systems for Manufacturing
Agent-Based Co-Operative Co-Evolutionary Algorithm for Multi-Objective Optimization
ICAISC '08 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing
Generating Robust Investment Strategies with Agent-Based Co-evolutionary System
ICCS '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part III
Evolving Efficient Connection for the Design of Artificial Neural Networks
ICANN '08 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Part II
Enhanced Cooperative Co-evolution Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Based Pattern Classification
HAIS '08 Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Systems
Cooperative co-evolution of GA-based classifiers based on input decomposition
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Evolutionary product-unit neural networks classifiers
Neurocomputing
Stability of learning dynamics in two-agent, imperfect-information games
Proceedings of the tenth ACM SIGEVO workshop on Foundations of genetic algorithms
Cooperative coevolution and univariate estimation of distribution algorithms
Proceedings of the tenth ACM SIGEVO workshop on Foundations of genetic algorithms
Cooperative micro-particle swarm optimization
Proceedings of the first ACM/SIGEVO Summit on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation
Co-evolutionary automatically defined functions in genetic programming
AIKED'09 Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS international conference on Artificial intelligence, knowledge engineering and data bases
Research of multi-population agent genetic algorithm for feature selection
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
ICAI'09 Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS international conference on Automation & information
Problem decomposition using indirect reciprocity in evolved populations
Proceedings of the 11th Annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Cooperative micro-differential evolution for high-dimensional problems
Proceedings of the 11th Annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Cheating for problem solving: a genetic algorithm with social interactions
Proceedings of the 11th Annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Pareto cooperative coevolutionary genetic algorithm using reference sharing collaboration
Proceedings of the 11th Annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 11th Annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Comparison of sorting algorithms for multi-fitness measurement of cooperative coevolution
Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference Companion on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference: Late Breaking Papers
Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference Companion on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference: Late Breaking Papers
Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference Companion on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference: Late Breaking Papers
A First Study on the Use of Coevolutionary Algorithms for Instance and Feature Selection
HAIS '09 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Systems
Parallel Particle Swarm Optimization with Adaptive Asynchronous Migration Strategy
ICA3PP '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing
Heterogeneity in the coevolved behaviors of mobile robots: the emergence of specialists
IJCAI'01 Proceedings of the 17th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Financial market trading system with a hierarchical coevolutionary fuzzy predictive model
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation - Special issue on computational finance and economics
A competitive-cooperative coevolutionary paradigm for dynamic multiobjective optimization
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation - Special issue on computational finance and economics
Genetic team composition and level of selection in the evolution of cooperation
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Competitive coevolutionary learning of fuzzy systems for job exchange in computational grids
Evolutionary Computation
Evolutionary computation and structural design: A survey of the state-of-the-art
Computers and Structures
An adaptive coevolutionary differential evolution algorithm for large-scale optimization
CEC'09 Proceedings of the Eleventh conference on Congress on Evolutionary Computation
Augmenting artificial development with local fitness
CEC'09 Proceedings of the Eleventh conference on Congress on Evolutionary Computation
Neuro-evolution approaches to collective behavior
CEC'09 Proceedings of the Eleventh conference on Congress on Evolutionary Computation
PEEC: evolving efficient connections using Pareto optimality
CEC'09 Proceedings of the Eleventh conference on Congress on Evolutionary Computation
Investigating collaboration methods of random immigrant scheme in cooperative coevolution
CEC'09 Proceedings of the Eleventh conference on Congress on Evolutionary Computation
Coevolving heuristics for the distributor's pallet packing problem
CEC'09 Proceedings of the Eleventh conference on Congress on Evolutionary Computation
A-Teams and Their Applications
ICCCI '09 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Computational Collective Intelligence. Semantic Web, Social Networks and Multiagent Systems
CoXCS: A Coevolutionary Learning Classifier Based on Feature Space Partitioning
AI '09 Proceedings of the 22nd Australasian Joint Conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Coevolutionary Method for Gene Selection and Parameter Optimization in Microarray Data Analysis
ICONIP '09 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Neural Information Processing: Part II
Evolving Co-Adapted Subcomponents in Assembler Encoding
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
CO$^2$RBFN for short-term forecasting of the extra virgin olive oil price in the Spanish market
International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems - Hybrid Fuzzy Models
Coevolutionary feature learning for object recognition
MLDM'03 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Machine learning and data mining in pattern recognition
Cooperative coevolutionary ensemble learning
MCS'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Multiple classifier systems
Representation development from pareto-coevolution
GECCO'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation: PartI
Exploring the explorative advantage of the cooperative coevolutionary (1+1) EA
GECCO'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation: PartI
Coevolution and linear genetic programming for visual learning
GECCO'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation: PartI
Evolving keepaway soccer players through task decomposition
GECCO'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation: PartI
Cooperative evolution on the intertwined spirals problem
EuroGP'03 Proceedings of the 6th European conference on Genetic programming
A statistical model of pollution-caused pulmonary crises
IWANN'03 Proceedings of the Artificial and natural neural networks 7th international conference on Computational methods in neural modeling - Volume 1
A cooperative coevolution algorithm of RBFNN for classification
PAKDD'07 Proceedings of the 11th Pacific-Asia conference on Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining
A model of co-evolution in multi-agent system
CEEMAS'03 Proceedings of the 3rd Central and Eastern European conference on Multi-agent systems
Two coding based adaptive parallel co-genetic algorithm with double agents structure
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
IWANN'07 Proceedings of the 9th international work conference on Artificial neural networks
Artificial ecosystem selection for evolutionary optimisation
ECAL'07 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Advances in artificial life
Neuro-evolution methods for designing emergent specialization
ECAL'07 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Advances in artificial life
Evolutionary system for generating investment strategies
Evo'08 Proceedings of the 2008 conference on Applications of evolutionary computing
Handling uncertainties in evolutionary multi-objective optimization
WCCI'08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE world conference on Computational intelligence: research frontiers
Implementing multi-VRC cores to evolve combinational logic circuits in parallel
ICES'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Evolvable systems: from biology to hardware
The cooperative royal road: avoiding hitchhiking
EA'07 Proceedings of the Evolution artificielle, 8th international conference on Artificial evolution
Multi-UCAV cooperative path planning using improved coevolutionary multi-ant-colony algorithm
ICIC'09 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Emerging intelligent computing technology and applications
Dual-population based coevolutionary algorithm for designing RBFNN with feature selection
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Evolution of division of labor in genetically homogenous groups
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A hierarchical cooperative evolutionary algorithm
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Symbiosis, complexification and simplicity under GP
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Emergence of competitive and cooperative behavior using coevolution
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
ARO: A new model-free optimization algorithm inspired from asexual reproduction
Applied Soft Computing
Genetic representation and evolvability of modular neural controllers
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine
Analysis of an evolutionary RBFN design algorithm, CO2RBFN, for imbalanced data sets
Pattern Recognition Letters
A cooperative coevolutionary approach to partitional clustering
PPSN'10 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Parallel problem solving from nature: Part I
Large-scale global optimization using cooperative coevolution with variable interaction learning
PPSN'10 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Parallel problem solving from nature: Part II
Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
IFS-CoCo in the landscape contest: description and results
ICPR'10 Proceedings of the 20th International conference on Recognizing patterns in signals, speech, images, and videos
Theoretical convergence guarantees for cooperative coevolutionary algorithms
Evolutionary Computation
Multi-agent role allocation: issues, approaches, and multiple perspectives
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Feature selection for a cooperative coevolutionary classifier in liver fibrosis diagnosis
Computers in Biology and Medicine
Leveraging saving-based algorithms by master-slave genetic algorithms
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
A multi-agent organizational framework for coevolutionary optimization
Transactions on Petri nets and other models of concurrency IV
Rethinking multilevel selection in genetic programming
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A social behaviour evolution approach for evolutionary optimisation
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
The evolution of division of labor
ECAL'09 Proceedings of the 10th European conference on Advances in artificial life: Darwin meets von Neumann - Volume Part II
Multi-robot path planning using co-evolutionary genetic programming
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
A cooperative particle swarm optimizer with statistical variable interdependence learning
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Genetic programming for kernel-based learning with co-evolving subsets selection
PPSN'06 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
Cooperative co-evolutionary approach applied in reactive power optimization of power system
ICNC'06 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in Natural Computation - Volume Part I
A framework of oligopolistic market simulation with coevolutionary computation
ICNC'06 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in Natural Computation - Volume Part I
Modelling robotic cognitive mechanisms by hierarchical cooperative coevolution
SETN'06 Proceedings of the 4th Helenic conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
CoEvolutionary incremental modelling of robotic cognitive mechanisms
ECAL'05 Proceedings of the 8th European conference on Advances in Artificial Life
Nonlinear system stabilisation by an evolutionary neural network
ISNN'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Advnaces in Neural Networks - Volume Part II
Maintaining diversity in agent-based evolutionary computation
ICCS'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Computational Science - Volume Part III
Nonlinear discrete system stabilisation by an evolutionary neural network
IEA/AIE'06 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Advances in Applied Artificial Intelligence: industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems
EvoApplicatons'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Applications of Evolutionary Computation - Volume Part I
Incremental evolution of robot controllers for a highly integrated task
SAB'06 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on From Animals to Animats: simulation of Adaptive Behavior
Hierarchical cooperative coevolution facilitates the redesign of agent-based systems
SAB'06 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on From Animals to Animats: simulation of Adaptive Behavior
Application of ANOVA to a cooperative-coevolutionary optimization of RBFNs
IWANN'05 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Artificial Neural Networks: computational Intelligence and Bioinspired Systems
A coevolutionary algorithm with spieces as varying contexts
KES'05 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems - Volume Part IV
Symbiotic coevolutionary genetic programming: a benchmarking study under large attribute spaces
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Solving predator-prey problem in assembler encoding
ACMOS'09 Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS international conference on Automatic control, modelling and simulation
Studies on motion control of a modular robot using cellular automata
AI'06 Proceedings of the 19th Australian joint conference on Artificial Intelligence: advances in Artificial Intelligence
EvoCOP'10 Proceedings of the 10th European conference on Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization
ICONIP'11 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part II
Natural vs. unnatural decomposition in cooperative coevolution
ICIC'11 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications: with aspects of artificial intelligence
HAIS'12 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Hybrid Artificial Intelligent Systems - Volume Part II
Crossover-based local search in cooperative co-evolutionary feedforward neural networks
Applied Soft Computing
Robotic swarm cooperation by co-adaptation
Proceedings of the 14th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 14th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Co-adapting mobile sensor networks to maximize coverage in dynamic environments
Proceedings of the 14th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Parallel cooperative micro-particle swarm optimization: A master-slave model
Applied Soft Computing
Evolving team behaviors with specialization
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Recursive Learning of Genetic Algorithms with Task Decomposition and Varied Rule Set
International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Local search in parallel linear genetic programming for multiclass classification
AI'12 Proceedings of the 25th Australasian joint conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
SEAL'12 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Simulated Evolution and Learning
A true finite-state baseline for tartarus
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Neuroannealing: martingale optimization for neural networks
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Sustainable cooperative coevolution with a multi-armed bandit
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Dynamic multi-objective evolution of classifier ensembles for video face recognition
Applied Soft Computing
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Genetic programming enabled evolution of control policies for dynamic stochastic optimal power flow
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A survey on optimization metaheuristics
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Securing high resolution grayscale facial captures using a blockwise coevolutionary GA
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Many hands make light work: Further studies in group evolution
Artificial Life
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Integration of semi-fuzzy SVDD and CC-Rule method for supplier selection
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Solving the pole balancing problem by means of assembler encoding
Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology
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To successfully apply evolutionary algorithms to the solution of increasingly complex problems, we must develop effective techniques for evolving solutions in the form of interacting coadapted subcomponents. One of the major difficulties is finding computational extensions to our current evolutionary paradigms that will enable such subcomponents to "emerge" rather than being hand designed. In this paper, we describe an architecture for evolving such subcomponents as a collection of cooperating species. Given a simple string-matching task, we show that evolutionary pressure to increase the overall fitness of the ecosystem can provide the needed stimulus for the emergence of an appropriate number of interdependent subcomponents that cover multiple niches, evolve to an appropriate level of generality, and adapt as the number and roles of their fellow subcomponents change over time. We then explore these issues within the context of a more complicated domain through a case study involving the evolution of artificial neural networks.