Project GROPEHaptic displays for scientific visualization
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Evaluating 3D task performance for fish tank virtual worlds
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Surround-screen projection-based virtual reality: the design and implementation of the CAVE
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Virtual reality in scientific visualization
Communications of the ACM
Force and touch feedback for virtual reality
Force and touch feedback for virtual reality
Evaluating stereo and motion cues for visualizing information nets in three dimensions
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Pearls found on the way to the ideal interface for scanned-probe microscopes
VIS '97 Proceedings of the 8th conference on Visualization '97
VRPN: a device-independent, network-transparent VR peripheral system
VRST '01 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Three dimensional spatial memory and learningin real and virtual environments
Spatial Cognition and Computation
What's Real About Virtual Reality?
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Visualizing with VTK: A Tutorial
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
User Studies: Why, How, and When?
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Visualization Handbook
Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS'03)
Head-mounted display versus desktop for 3D navigation in virtual reality: a user study
Multimedia Tools and Applications
ICVR'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Virtual reality
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010
Enhancing 3D applications using stereoscopic 3D and motion parallax
AUIC '12 Proceedings of the Thirteenth Australasian User Interface Conference - Volume 126
Determining the relative benefits of pairing virtual reality displays with applications
AUIC '13 Proceedings of the Fourteenth Australasian User Interface Conference - Volume 139
Effects of virtual environment platforms on emotional responses
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
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Although a wide range of virtual reality (VR) systems are in use, there are few guidelines to help system and application developers select the components most appropriate for the domain problem they are investigating. Using the results of an empirical study, we developed such guidelines for the choice of display environment for four specific, but common, volume visualization problems: identification and judgment of the size, shape, density, and connectivity of objects present in a volume. These tasks are derived from questions being asked by collaborators studying Cystic Fibrosis (CF). We compared user performance in three different stereo VR systems: (1) head-mounted display (HMD); (2) fish tank VR (fish tank); and (3) fish tank VR augmented with a haptic device (haptic). HMD participants were placed "inside" the volume and walked within it to explore its structure. Fish tank and haptic participants saw the entire volume on-screen and rotated it to view it from different perspectives. Response time and accuracy were used to measure performance. Results showed that the fish tank and haptic groups were significantly more accurate at judging the shape, density, and connectivity of objects and completed the tasks significantly faster than the HMD group. Although the fish tank group was itself significantly faster than the haptic group, there were no statistical differences in accuracy between the two. Participants classified the HMD system as an "inside-out" display (looking outwards from inside the volume), and the fish tank and haptic systems as "outside-in" displays (looking inwards from outside the volume). Including haptics added an inside-out capability to the fish tank system through the use of touch. We recommend an outside-in system because it offers both overview and context, two visual properties that are important for the volume visualization tasks we studied. In addition, based on the haptic group's opinion (80% positive) that haptic feedback aided comprehension, we recommend supplementing the outside-in visual display with inside-out haptics when possible.