The displacement method for implicit blending surfaces in solid models
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Special issue on computer-aided design
Interactive techniques for implicit modeling
I3D '90 Proceedings of the 1990 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Sculpting: an interactive volumetric modeling technique
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
An implicit formulation for precise contact modeling between flexible solids
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
I3D '95 Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Matching 3-D anatomical surfaces with non-rigid deformations using octree-splines
International Journal of Computer Vision
A volumetric method for building complex models from range images
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A haptic interaction method for volume visualization
Proceedings of the 7th conference on Visualization '96
3D scan conversion of CSG models into distance volumes
VVS '98 Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization
Using distance maps for accurate surface representation in sampled volumes
VVS '98 Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization
A Level-Set Approach to 3D Reconstruction from Range Data
International Journal of Computer Vision
An interface for sketching 3D curves
I3D '99 Proceedings of the 1999 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Fast computation of generalized Voronoi diagrams using graphics hardware
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Fast tree-based redistancing for level set computations
Journal of Computational Physics
Modeling generalized cylinders via Fourier morphing
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Adaptively sampled distance fields: a general representation of shape for computer graphics
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Fast and simple 2D geometric proximity queries using graphics hardware
I3D '01 Proceedings of the 2001 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Kizamu: a system for sculpting digital characters
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Introduction to Implicit Surfaces
Introduction to Implicit Surfaces
Level set surface editing operators
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Dual contouring of hermite data
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Efficient estimation of 3D Euclidean distance fields from 2D range images
VVS '02 Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization and graphics
Alias-Free Voxelization of Geometric Objects
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Constrained Elastic Surface Nets: Generating Smooth Surfaces from Binary Segmented Data
MICCAI '98 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Fast Surface Reconstruction Using the Level Set Method
VLSM '01 Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Variational and Level Set Methods (VLSM'01)
Shape Representation Using Space Filled Sub-Voxel Distance Fields
SMI '01 Proceedings of the International Conference on Shape Modeling & Applications
Consensus Surfaces for Modeling 3D Objects from Multiple Range Images
ICCV '98 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision
Approximate distance fields with non-vanishing gradients
Graphical Models
3D Distance Fields: A Survey of Techniques and Applications
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Technical Section: Interactive free-form level-set surface-editing operators
Computers and Graphics
High accuracy NC milling simulation using composite adaptively sampled distance fields
Computer-Aided Design
EuroVis'10 Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
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Distance fields provide an implicit representation of shape that has advantages in many application areas; in this overview, we focus on their use in digital design. Distance fields have been used in Computer Aided Design since the 1970's (e.g., for computing offset surfaces and for generating rounds and filets). More recently, distance fields have been used for freeform design where their dual nature of providing both a volumetric representation and a high-quality surface representation provides a medium that has some of the properties of real clay. Modern computer systems coupled with efficient representations and methods for processing distance fields have made it possible to use distance fields in interactive design systems. This overview reviews previous work in distance fields, discusses the properties and advantages of distance fields that make them suitable for digital design, and describes Adaptively Sampled Distance Fields (ADFs), a distance field representation capable of representing detailed, high quality, and expressive shapes. ADFs are both efficient to process and have a relatively small memory footprint.