Camera Calibration with Distortion Models and Accuracy Evaluation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Improving static and dynamic registration in an optical see-through HMD
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A Method for Calibrating See-Through Head-Mounted Displays for AR
IWAR '99 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE and ACM International Workshop on Augmented Reality
The effects of head-mounted display mechanics on distance judgments in virtual environments
APGV '04 Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Distance Perception and the Visual Horizon in Head-Mounted Displays
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Minification influences spatial judgments in virtual environments
APGV '06 Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Judging Perceived and Traversed Distance in Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Effects of stereo viewing conditions on distance perception in virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
HMD calibration and its effects on distance judgments
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Distance perception in virtual environments: a closer look at the horizon and the error
Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization
Transitional environments enhance distance perception in immersive virtual reality systems
Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization
Judgment of natural perspective projections in head-mounted display environments
Proceedings of the 16th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
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Most head-mounted displays (HMDs) suffer from substantial optical distortion, and vendor-supplied specifications for field-of-view often are at variance with reality. Such displays do not present perspective-related visual cues in a geometrically correct manner, which has the potential to affect applications of HMDs which depend on precise spatial perception. This paper provides empirical evidence for the degree to which these resulting distortions affect one type of spatial judgment in virtual environments. We show that minification in the HMD that would occur from an overstated HMD field of view results in a significant change in distance judgments. Incorrectly calibrated pitch and pincushion distortion, however, did not cause statistically significant changes in distance judgments for the degree of distortions examined. While the means for determining the optical distortion of display systems are well known, they are often not used in non-see-through HMDs due to problems in measuring and correcting for distortion. As a result, we also provide practical guidelines for creating geometrically calibrated systems.