The simulation and evaluation of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms
ISLPED '98 Proceedings of the 1998 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
SOSP '03 Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Xen and the art of virtualization
SOSP '03 Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Memory resource management in VMware ESX server
OSDI '02 Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementationCopyright restrictions prevent ACM from being able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading
Managing server energy and operational costs in hosting centers
SIGMETRICS '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Making scheduling "cool": temperature-aware workload placement in data centers
ATEC '05 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Live migration of virtual machines
NSDI'05 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation - Volume 2
No "power" struggles: coordinated multi-level power management for the data center
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Power capping: a prelude to power shifting
Cluster Computing
Don't settle for less than the best: use optimization to make decisions
HOTOS'07 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX workshop on Hot topics in operating systems
Energy-efficient server clusters
PACS'02 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Power-aware computer systems
Energy consumption in mobile devices: why future systems need requirements–aware energy scale-down
PACS'03 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Power - Aware Computer Systems
PowerNap: eliminating server idle power
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Cutting the electric bill for internet-scale systems
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2009 conference on Data communication
Tracking the power in an enterprise decision support system
Proceedings of the 14th ACM/IEEE international symposium on Low power electronics and design
FAWN: a fast array of wimpy nodes
Proceedings of the ACM SIGOPS 22nd symposium on Operating systems principles
Energy proportionality for storage: impact and feasibility
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Joint admission control and resource allocation in virtualized servers
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
Energy-efficient cluster computing with FAWN: workloads and implications
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking
Analyzing the energy efficiency of a database server
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data
On energy management, load balancing and replication
ACM SIGMOD Record
A system for online power prediction in virtualized environments using Gaussian mixture models
Proceedings of the 47th Design Automation Conference
SRCMap: energy proportional storage using dynamic consolidation
FAST'10 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on File and storage technologies
FAWNdamentally power-efficient clusters
HotOS'09 Proceedings of the 12th conference on Hot topics in operating systems
LiteGreen: saving energy in networked desktops using virtualization
USENIXATC'10 Proceedings of the 2010 USENIX conference on USENIX annual technical conference
Wimpy node clusters: what about non-wimpy workloads?
Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Data Management on New Hardware
Energy management for MapReduce clusters
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
The PowerNap Server Architecture
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Challenges and opportunities for efficient computing with FAWN
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Blink: managing server clusters on intermittent power
Proceedings of the sixteenth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
MemScale: active low-power modes for main memory
Proceedings of the sixteenth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Multi-Objective Virtual Machine Placement in Virtualized Data Center Environments
GREENCOM-CPSCOM '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE/ACM Int'l Conference on Green Computing and Communications & Int'l Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing
FAWN: a fast array of wimpy nodes
Communications of the ACM
Memory power management via dynamic voltage/frequency scaling
Proceedings of the 8th ACM international conference on Autonomic computing
Power management of online data-intensive services
Proceedings of the 38th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Evaluating the effectiveness of model-based power characterization
USENIXATC'11 Proceedings of the 2011 USENIX conference on USENIX annual technical conference
Towards continuous policy-driven demand response in data centers
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Green networking
Traffic-driven power saving in operational 3G cellular networks
MobiCom '11 Proceedings of the 17th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
DreamWeaver: architectural support for deep sleep
ASPLOS XVII Proceedings of the seventeenth international conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems
ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO)
Building a power-proportional software router
USENIX ATC'12 Proceedings of the 2012 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
Towards energy-efficient database cluster design
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
A novel approach to energy efficient content distribution with bittorrent
EPEW'12 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Performance Engineering
A novel approach to energy efficient content distribution with bittorrent
EPEW'12 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Performance Engineering
Towards energy-proportional computing for enterprise-class server workloads
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering
Yank: enabling green data centers to pull the plug
nsdi'13 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation
GreenCache: augmenting off-the-grid cellular towers with multimedia caches
Proceedings of the 4th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference
Agile, efficient virtualization power management with low-latency server power states
Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
Towards greener data centers with storage class memory
Future Generation Computer Systems
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With power having become a critical issue in the operation of data centers today, there has been an increased push towards the vision of "energy-proportional computing", in which no power is used by idle systems, very low power is used by lightly loaded systems, and proportionately higher power at higher loads. Unfortunately, given the state of the art of today's hardware, designing individual servers that exhibit this property remains an open challenge. However, even in the absence of redesigned hardware, we demonstrate how optimization-based techniques can be used to build systems with off-the-shelf hardware that, when viewed at the aggregate level, approximate the behavior of energy-proportional systems. This paper explores the viability and tradeoffs of optimization-based approaches using two different case studies. First, we show how different power-saving mechanisms can be combined to deliver an aggregate system that is proportional in its use of server power. Second, we show early results on delivering a proportional cooling system for these servers. When compared to the power consumed at 100% utilization, results from our testbed show that optimization-based systems can reduce the power consumed at 0% utilization to 15% for server power and 32% for cooling power.