Generalized best-first search strategies and the optimality of A*
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Cognitive modeling: knowledge, reasoning and planning for intelligent characters
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Reactive Pedestrian Path Following from Examples
CASA '03 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA 2003)
Finding paths for coherent groups using clearance
SCA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
SCA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Fast and accurate goal-directed motion synthesis for crowds
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Psychological model for animating crowded pedestrians: Virtual Humans and Social Agents
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - CASA 2005
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
Controlling individual agents in high-density crowd simulation
SCA '07 Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Group behavior from video: a data-driven approach to crowd simulation
SCA '07 Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
A decision network framework for the behavioral animation of virtual humans
SCA '07 Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
Shape-constrained flock animation
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - CASA'2008 Special Issue
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - CASA'2008 Special Issue
Egocentric affordance fields in pedestrian steering
Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Sketch-Based Interface for Crowd Animation
SG '09 Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Smart Graphics
Fitting behaviors to pedestrian simulations
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Tree Paths: A New Model for Steering Behaviors
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Aggregate dynamics for dense crowd simulation
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2009 papers
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
AN INTERACTIVE MODEL FOR STEERING BEHAVIORS OF GROUPS OF CHARACTERS
Applied Artificial Intelligence - Intelligent Virtual Agents
Situation agents: agent-based externalized steering logic
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - CASA' 2010 Special Issue
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2010 papers
PLEdestrians: a least-effort approach to crowd simulation
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Context-Aware Motion Diversification for Crowd Simulation
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Crowd distribution and location preference
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Smooth and efficient crowd transformation
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Using emotion transmission to simulate spectator behaviors
Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
Environment-aware real-time crowd control
EUROSCA'12 Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH / Eurographics conference on Computer Animation
Environment-aware real-time crowd control
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Special Section on CAD/Graphics 2013: Geometry-constrained crowd formation animation
Computers and Graphics
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Most of existing crowd simulation algorithms focus on the moving trajectories of individual agents, while collective group formations are often roughly learned from video examples or manually specified via various hard constraints (e.g., pre-defined keyframes of exact agent distributions). In this paper, we present an intuitive yet efficient approach to generate arbitrary and precise group formations by sketching formation boundaries. Our approach can automatically compute the desired position of each agent in the target formation and generate the agent correspondences between keyframes. When high-level group formations need to be formed on-the-fly in a dynamic environment such as "switching to the circle formation at about one hundred meters ahead", our algorithm will coordinate and compute appropriate actions for each agent by seamlessly fusing local formation dynamics and global group locomotion. Through a number of experiments, we demonstrate that our approach is efficient and adaptive to variations of group scales (i.e., number of agents), group positions, and environment obstacles.