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Worlds within worlds: metaphors for exploring n-dimensional virtual worlds
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On constructing binary space partitioning trees
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Hidden surface removal with respect to a moving view point
STOC '91 Proceedings of the twenty-third annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
BRep-Index: a multidimensional space partitioning tree
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A rapid hierarchical radiosity algorithm
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interval arithmetic recursive subdivision for implicit functions and constructive solid geometry
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Fast object-precision shadow generation for area light sources using BSP trees
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Shadow volume BSP trees for computation of shadows in dynamic scenes
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I-COLLIDE: an interactive and exact collision detection system for large-scale environments
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Separability of polyhedra for optimal filtering of spatial and constraint data
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We introduce a new representation for polyhedra by showing how Binary Space Partitioning Trees (BSP trees) can be used to represent regular sets. We then show how they may be used in evaluating set operations on polyhedra. The BSP tree is a binary tree representing a recursive partitioning of d-space by (sub-)hyperplanes, for any dimension d. Their previous application to computer graphics has been to organize an arbitrary set of polygons so that a fast solution to the visible surface problem could be obtained. We retain this property (in 3D) and show how BSP trees can also provide an exact representation of arbitrary polyhedra of any dimension. Conversion from a boundary representation (B-reps) of polyhedra to a BSP tree representation is described. This technique leads to a new method for evaluating arbitrary set theoretic (boolean) expressions on B-reps, represented as a CSG tree, producing a BSP tree as the result. Results from our language-driven implmentation of this CSG evaluator are discussed. Finally, we show how to modify a BSP tree to represent the result of a set operation between the BSP tree and a B-rep. We describe the embodiment of this approach in an interactive 3D object design program that allows incremental modification of an object with a tool. Placement of the tool, selection of views, and performance of the set operation are all performed at interactive speeds for modestly complex objects.