Pixel-planes 5: a heterogeneous multiprocessor graphics system using processor-enhanced memories
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The design and analysis of spatial data structures
The design and analysis of spatial data structures
Towards image realism with interactive update rates in complex virtual building environments
I3D '90 Proceedings of the 1990 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Visibility preprocessing for interactive walkthroughs
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
PixelFlow: high-speed rendering using image composition
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Management of large amounts of data in interactive building walkthroughs
I3D '92 Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A Sorting Classification of Parallel Rendering
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
The sort-first rendering architecture for high-performance graphics
I3D '95 Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Database management for interactive display of large architectural models
GI '96 Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '96
InfiniteReality: a real-time graphics system
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Hierarchical graphics databases in sort-first
PRS '97 Proceedings of the IEEE symposium on Parallel rendering
Performance issues of a distributed frame buffer on a multicomputer
HWWS '98 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
MMR: an interactive massive model rendering system using geometric and image-based acceleration
I3D '99 Proceedings of the 1999 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Load balancing for multi-projector rendering systems
HWWS '99 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Scalable distributed visualization using off-the-shelf components
PVGS '99 Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE symposium on Parallel visualization and graphics
A distributed graphics system for large tiled displays
VIS '99 Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '99: celebrating ten years
Tracking graphics state for networked rendering
HWWS '00 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Hybrid sort-first and sort-last parallel rendering with a cluster of PCs
HWWS '00 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Hierarchical geometric models for visible surface algorithms
Communications of the ACM
Distributed rendering for scalable displays
Proceedings of the 2000 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
WireGL: a scalable graphics system for clusters
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Scalable isosurface visualization of massive datasets on COTS clusters
PVG '01 Proceedings of the IEEE 2001 symposium on parallel and large-data visualization and graphics
Parallel rendering with k-way replication
PVG '01 Proceedings of the IEEE 2001 symposium on parallel and large-data visualization and graphics
Scalable interactive volume rendering using off-the-shelf components
PVG '01 Proceedings of the IEEE 2001 symposium on parallel and large-data visualization and graphics
Integrating occlusion culling with view-dependent rendering
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '01
The Prioritized-Layered Projection Algorithm for Visible Set Estimation
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Efficient Conservative Visibility Culling Using the Prioritized-Layered Projection Algorithm
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Interactive Distributed Ray Tracing of Highly Complex Models
Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques
EGVE '03 Proceedings of the workshop on Virtual environments 2003
Sort-First, Distributed Memory Parallel Visualization and Rendering
PVG '03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Parallel and Large-Data Visualization and Graphics
Parallel-SG: research of parallel graphics rendering system on PC-Cluster
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM international conference on Virtual reality continuum and its applications
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Survey of parallel and distributed volume rendering: revisited
ICCSA'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part III
Direct send compositing for parallel sort-last rendering
EG PGV'07 Proceedings of the 7th Eurographics conference on Parallel Graphics and Visualization
Cross-segment load balancing in parallel rendering
EG PGV'11 Proceedings of the 11th Eurographics conference on Parallel Graphics and Visualization
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We present a sort-first parallel system for out-of-core rendering of large models on cluster-based tiled displays. The system is able to render high-resolution images of large models at interactive frame rates using off-the-shelf PCs with small memory. Given a model, we use an out-of-core preprocessing algorithm to build an on-disk hierarchical representation for the model. At run time, each PC renders the image for a display tile, using an out-of-core rendering approach that employs multiple threads to overlap rendering, visibility computation, and disk operations. The system can operate in approximate mode for real-time rendering, or in conservative mode for rendering with guaranteed accuracy. Running our system in approximate mode on a cluster of 16 PCs each with 512 MB of main memory, we are able to render 12-megapixel images of a 13-million-trianglemodel with 99.3% of accuracy at 10.8 frames per second. Rendering such a large model at high resolutions and interactive frame rates would typically require expensive high-end graphics hardware. Our results show that a cluster of inexpensive PCs is an attractive alternative to those high-end systems.