What Is the Set of Images of an Object Under All Possible Illumination Conditions?
International Journal of Computer Vision
New Constraints on Data-Closeness and Needle Map Consistency for Shape-from-Shading
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
International Journal of Computer Vision
International Journal of Computer Vision - Special issue on computer vision research at NEC Research Institute
International Journal of Computer Vision
Object Recognition Using Shape-from-Shading
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Estimating facial pose using shape-from-shading
Pattern Recognition Letters
A Theory of Shape by Space Carving
International Journal of Computer Vision - Special issue on Genomic Signal Processing
Geotensity: Combining Motion and Lighting for 3D Surface Reconstruction
International Journal of Computer Vision
Relighting with the Reflected Irradiance Field: Representation, Sampling and Reconstruction
International Journal of Computer Vision
Approximate shading for the re-illumination of synthetic images
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '01
Calibration-Free Augmented Reality
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Interactive Relighting of Panoramas
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Lambertian Reflectance and Linear Subspaces
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Darboux smoothing for shape-from-shading
Pattern Recognition Letters
Region-Based Object Recognition Using Shape-from-Shading
ECCV '00 Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Computer Vision-Part I
Representing Edge Models via Local Principal Component Analysis
ECCV '02 Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision-Part I
Curvature Weighted Evidence Combination for Shape-from-Shading
Proceedings of the Joint IAPR International Workshop on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Illumination Normalized Face Image for Face Recognition
Proceedings of the Joint IAPR International Workshop on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Representations for Recognition Under Variable Illumination
Shape, Contour and Grouping in Computer Vision
Shadows, Shading, and Projective Ambiguity
Shape, Contour and Grouping in Computer Vision
A Formal-Physical Agenda for Recognition
Shape, Contour and Grouping in Computer Vision
Topographic Surface Structure from 2D Images Using Shape-from-Shading
EMMCVPR '99 Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
A Simple Illumination Normalization Algorithm for Face Recognition
PRICAI '02 Proceedings of the 7th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Trends in Artificial Intelligence
Shape-from-Shading Using Darboux Smoothing
CAIP '01 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns
Clustering Appearances of 3D Objects
CVPR '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Comparing Images under Variable Illumination
CVPR '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Illumination Cones for Recognition under Variable Lighting: Faces
CVPR '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Illumination ratio image: synthesizing and recognition with varying illuminations
Pattern Recognition Letters
Illumination Modeling and Normalization for Face Recognition
AMFG '03 Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures
Face recognition: A literature survey
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Image-based relighting: representation and compression
Integrated image and graphics technologies
Learning Generative Models of Scene Features
International Journal of Computer Vision
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Data compression with spherical wavelets and wavelets for the image-based relighting
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Model-based and image-based 3D scene representation for interactive visalization
Total Variation Models for Variable Lighting Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
An efficient illumination normalization method for face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
PCA-based compression for image-based relighting
ICME '03 Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Multimedia and Expo - Volume 2
Dense Photometric Stereo: A Markov Random Field Approach
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Incremental Learning for Robust Visual Tracking
International Journal of Computer Vision
Illumination Invariant Face Detection Using Classifier Fusion
PCM '08 Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia: Advances in Multimedia Information Processing
Fusion of classifiers for illumination robust face recognition
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Retinex Combined with Total Variation for Image Illumination Normalization
ICIAP '09 Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Tracking nonstationary visual appearances by data-driven adaptation
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
A semi-supervised support vector machine based algorithm for face recognition
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
Canonical Stiefel quotient and its application to generic face recognition in illumination spaces
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
Vector transport for shape-from-shading
Pattern Recognition
Curvature consistency for shape-from-shading
SCIA'03 Proceedings of the 13th Scandinavian conference on Image analysis
An illumination normalization model for face recognition under varied lighting conditions
Pattern Recognition Letters
Perfect histogram matching PCA for face recognition
Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing
Learning-based robot vision: principles and applications
Learning-based robot vision: principles and applications
Exploration of heterogeneous FPGAs for mapping linear projection designs
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
A solution to illumination direction estimation of a shaded image: Genetic algorithm
Image and Vision Computing
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Generating shaded image with lighting using image fusion space
ISVC'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part III
A comparison of photometric normalisation algorithms for face verification
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Face recognition under varying lighting conditions using self quotient image
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
An effective illumination compensation method for face recognition
MMM'11 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Advances in multimedia modeling - Volume Part I
Robust photometric stereo via low-rank matrix completion and recovery
ACCV'10 Proceedings of the 10th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part III
Feature selection for support vector machine-based face-iris multimodal biometric system
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Learning the semantics of object-action relations by observation
International Journal of Robotics Research
Variable lighting face recognition using discrete wavelet transform
Pattern Recognition Letters
Curve mapping based illumination adjustment for face detection
ACIVS'06 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Advanced Concepts For Intelligent Vision Systems
Re-lighting and compensation for face images
CAIP'05 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns
3D assisted 2d face recognition: methodology
CIARP'05 Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress conference on Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis and Applications
ACCV'06 Proceedings of the 7th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Classification of photometric factors based on photometric linearization
ACCV'06 Proceedings of the 7th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Photometric normalisation for face verification
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Remote identification of faces: Problems, prospects, and progress
Pattern Recognition Letters
Automated diagnosis of otitis media: vocabulary and grammar
Journal of Biomedical Imaging - Special issue on Computer Vision and Image Processing for Computer-Aided Diagnosis
Automated diagnosis of otitis media: vocabulary and grammar
Journal of Biomedical Imaging
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The appearance of a particular object depends on both the viewpoint from which it is observed and the light sources by which it is illuminated. If the appearance of two objects is never identical for any pose or lighting conditions, then-in theory - the objects can always be distinguished or recognized. The question arises: What is the set of images of an object under all lighting conditions and pose? In this paper, we consider only the set of images of an object under variable illumination (including multiple, extended light sources and attached shadows). We prove that the set of n-pixel images of a convex object with a Lambertian reflectance function, illuminated by an arbitrary number of point light sources at infinity, forms a convex polyhedral cone in IR/sup n/ and that the dimension of this illumination cone equals the number of distinct surface normals. Furthermore, we show that the cone for a particular object can be constructed from three properly chosen images. Finally, we prove that the set of n-pixel images of an object of any shape and with an arbitrary reflectance function, seen under all possible illumination conditions, still forms a convex cone in IR/sup n/. These results immediately suggest certain approaches to object recognition. Throughout this paper, we offer results demonstrating the empirical validity of the illumination cone representation.