Tracking and data association
Computer graphics: principles and practice (2nd ed.)
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Fitting Parameterized Three-Dimensional Models to Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognition by Linear Combinations of Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence - Special issue on interpretation of 3-D scenes—part I
Merging virtual objects with the real world: seeing ultrasound imagery within the patient
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Through-the-lens camera control
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Robust model-based motion tracking through the integration of search and estimation
International Journal of Computer Vision
Shape and motion from image streams under orthography: a factorization method
International Journal of Computer Vision
Invariant linear methods in photogrammetry and model-matching
Geometric invariance in computer vision
Knowledge-based augmented reality
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on computer augmented environments: back to the real world
Interacting with paper on the DigitalDesk
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on computer augmented environments: back to the real world
Geometry and photometry in three-dimensional visual recognition
Geometry and photometry in three-dimensional visual recognition
Three-dimensional computer vision: a geometric viewpoint
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Shape from motion algorithms: a comparative analysis of scaled orthography and perspective
ECCV '94 Proceedings of the third European conference on Computer vision (vol. 1)
Recursive affine structure and motion from image sequences
ECCV '94 Proceedings of the third European conference on Computer vision (vol. 1)
3D position, attitude and shape input using video tracking of hands and lips
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Improving static and dynamic registration in an optical see-through HMD
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Zippered polygon meshes from range images
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Resolving occlusion in augmented reality
I3D '95 Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
3D painting on scanned surfaces
I3D '95 Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
I3D '95 Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
A 3D tracking experiment on latency and its compensation methods in virtual environments
Proceedings of the 8th annual ACM symposium on User interface and software technology
3D motion recovery via affine epipolar geometry
International Journal of Computer Vision
Subpixel Precision of Straight-Edged Shapes for Registration and Measurement
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Moving cursor plane for interactive sculpting
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Modeling and rendering architecture from photographs: a hybrid geometry- and image-based approach
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Superior augmented reality registration by integrating landmark tracking and magnetic tracking
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Technologies for augmented reality systems: realizing ultrasound-guided needle biopsies
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Registration errors in augmented reality systems
Registration errors in augmented reality systems
Video Demystified: A Handbook for the Digital Engineer
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Computer Vision
Calibration Requirements and Procedures for a Monitor-Based Augmented Reality System
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
D-NURBS: A Physics-Based Framework for Geometric Design
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Interactive Design of Complex Time-Dependent Lighting
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Dynamic Registration Correction in Video-Based Augmented Reality Systems
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
An Optical 3D Digitizer for Frameless Stereotactic Surgery
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
What can be seen in three dimensions with an uncalibrated stereo rig
ECCV '92 Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer Vision
On the Appropriateness of Camera Models
ECCV '96 Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
Vision-Based Object Registration for Real-Time Image Overlay
CVRMed '95 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine
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Accurate Projective Reconstruction
Proceedings of the Second Joint European - US Workshop on Applications of Invariance in Computer Vision
Catadioptric Omnidirectional Camera
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Real-time tracking of image regions with changes in geometry and illumination
CVPR '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '96)
What is the set of images of an object under all possible lighting conditions?
CVPR '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '96)
Calibration-free visual control using projective invariance
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
Complete scene structure from four point correspondences
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
Adaptive tracking and model registration across distinct aspects
IROS '95 Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems-Volume 1 - Volume 1
Integrating virtual objects into real images for augmented reality
VRST '98 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Looking at People: Sensing for Ubiquitous and Wearable Computing
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Placing three-dimensional models in an uncalibrated single image of an architectural scene
VRST '02 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Analysis of Head Pose Accuracy in Augmented Reality
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Calibration-Free Augmented Reality in Perspective
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Recent Advances in Augmented Reality
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Geometry of Eye Design: Biology and Technology
Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Theoretical Foundations of Computer Vision: Multi-Image Analysis
Point- and Line-Based Parameterized Image Varieties for Image-Based Rendering
ICCV '99 Proceedings of the International Workshop on Vision Algorithms: Theory and Practice
Augmented Reality Using Uncalibrated Video Sequences
SMILE '00 Revised Papers from Second European Workshop on 3D Structure from Multiple Images of Large-Scale Environments
Linear Augmented Reality Registration
CAIP '01 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns
A shared-aperture tracking display for augmented reality
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - special issue: IEEE virtual reality 2002 conference
A Tracker Alignment Framework for Augmented Reality
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Scene Modelling, Recognition and Tracking with Invariant Image Features
ISMAR '04 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Online Estimation of Trifocal Tensors for Augmenting Live Video
ISMAR '04 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Registration using projective reconstruction for augmented reality systems
VRCAI '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH international conference on Virtual Reality continuum and its applications in industry
Registration Based on Projective Reconstruction Technique for Augmented Reality Systems
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Efficient, causal camera tracking in unprepared environments
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Registration Using Natural Features for Augmented Reality Systems
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Real-Time Markerless Tracking for Augmented Reality: The Virtual Visual Servoing Framework
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
A markerless registration method for augmented reality based on affine properties
AUIC '06 Proceedings of the 7th Australasian User interface conference - Volume 50
Placing Three-Dimensional Models in an Uncalibrated Single Image of an Architectural Scene
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Marker-less registration based on template tracking for augmented reality
Multimedia Tools and Applications
A study on three-dimensional vision system for machining setup verification
Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Efficient, causal camera tracking in unprepared environments
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Technical Section: A generalized registration method for augmented reality systems
Computers and Graphics
A comparison of viewing geometries for augmented reality
SCIA'03 Proceedings of the 13th Scandinavian conference on Image analysis
Vision-Based real-time camera matchmoving with a known marker
ICEC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Entertainment Computing
Estimating 3d object coordinates from markerless scenes
ICCS'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computational Science - Volume Part III
3D-Based synthesis and 3d reconstruction from uncalibrated images
KES'05 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems - Volume Part III
LoCA'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Location- and Context-Awareness
Photo-Consistent motion blur modeling for realistic image synthesis
PSIVT'06 Proceedings of the First Pacific Rim conference on Advances in Image and Video Technology
Photo-consistent synthesis of motion blur and depth-of-field effects with a real camera model
Image and Vision Computing
Practical calibration procedures for augmented reality
EG VE'00 Proceedings of the 6th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
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Camera calibration and the acquisition of Euclidean 3D measurements have so far been considered necessary requirements for overlaying three-dimensional graphical objects with live video. In this article, we describe a new approach to video-based augmented reality that avoids both requirements: It does not use any metric information about the calibration parameters of the camera or the 3D locations and dimensions of the environment's objects. The only requirement is the ability to track across frames at least four fiducial points that are specified by the user during system initialization and whose world coordinates are unknown.Our approach is based on the following observation: Given a set of four or more noncoplanar 3D points, the projection of all points in the set can be computed as a linear combination of the projections of just four of the points. We exploit this observation by 1) tracking regions and color fiducial points at frame rate, and 2) representing virtual objects in a non-Euclidean, affine frame of reference that allows their projection to be computed as a linear combination of the projection of the fiducial points. Experimental results on two augmented reality systems, one monitor-based and one head-mounted, demonstrate that the approach is readily implementable, imposes minimal computational and hardware requirements, and generates real-time and accurate video overlays even when the camera parameters vary dynamically.