Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Digital topology: introduction and survey
Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing
Continuous skeleton computation by Voronoi diagram
CVGIP: Image Understanding
Generating skeletons and centerlines from the distance transform
CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing
The multiscale medial axis and its applications in image registration
VIP '94 The international conference on volume image processing on Volume image processing
Building skeleton models via 3-D medial surface/axis thinning algorithms
CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing
Computation of the Medial Axis Transform of 3-D polyhedra
SMA '95 Proceedings of the third ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
3D digital topology under binary transformation with applications
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
On digital distance transforms in three dimensions
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A fully parallel 3D thinning algorithm and its applications
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Shape Representation Using a Generalized Potential Field Model
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Virtual voyage: interactive navigation in the human colon
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Zoom-invariant vision of figural shape: the mathematics of cores
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Zoom-invariant vision of figural shape: effects on cores of image disturbances
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Level set diagrams of polyhedral objects
Proceedings of the fifth ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Distance-ordered homotopic thinning: a skeletonization algorithm for 3D digital images
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Interactive exploration of extra-and intracranial blood vessels (case study)
VIS '99 Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '99: celebrating ten years
SIAM Review
A parallel 3D 12-subiteration thinning algorithm
Graphical Models and Image Processing
Parameter-controlled volume thinning
CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing
Skeleton-based three-dimensional geometric morphing
Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications - special issue on virtual reality
Shape-based volumetric collision detection
VVS '00 Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization
Skeletonization of Three-Dimensional Object Using Generalized Potential Field
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Decomposing polygon meshes for interactive applications
I3D '01 Proceedings of the 2001 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Proceedings of the sixth ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Topology matching for fully automatic similarity estimation of 3D shapes
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Skeletons in N dimensions using shape primitives
Pattern Recognition Letters
A new shape descriptor for surfaces in 3D images
Pattern Recognition Letters
Medial-based vertex deformation
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Linear onesided stability of MAT for weakly injective 3D domain
Proceedings of the seventh ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
A medial-surface oriented 3-d two-subfield thinning algorithm
Pattern Recognition Letters
Distance-field based skeletons for virtual navigation
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '01
CPR: curved planar reformation
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '02
Efficient Skeletonization of Volumetric Objects
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Alias-Free Voxelization of Geometric Objects
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Penalized-Distance Volumetric Skeleton Algorithm
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Reliable Path for Virtual Endoscopy: Ensuring Complete Examination of Human Organs
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Three-Dimensional Topology Preserving Reduction on the 4-Subfields
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Extracting medial curves on 3D images
Pattern Recognition Letters
Graphical Models - Volume modeling
A robust level-set algorithm for centerline extraction
VISSYM '03 Proceedings of the symposium on Data visualisation 2003
Any open bounded subset of Rn has the same homotopy type than its medial axis
SM '03 Proceedings of the eighth ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Automating the CAD/CAE dimensional reduction process
SM '03 Proceedings of the eighth ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Skeletal Methods of Shape Manipulation
SMI '99 Proceedings of the International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications
An overview on properties and efficacy of topological skeletons in Shape Modelling
SMI '03 Proceedings of the Shape Modeling International 2003
Skeleton Extraction of 3D Objects with Radial Basis Functions
SMI '03 Proceedings of the Shape Modeling International 2003
Skeleton Based Shape Matching and Retrieval
SMI '03 Proceedings of the Shape Modeling International 2003
Fast Analytical Medial-Axis Localization in Convex Polyhedra
ICPR '96 Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR '96) Volume I - Volume 7270
Interactive control of component-based morphing
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Representing Volumetric Vascular Structures Using Curve Skeletons
ICIAP '01 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Hierarchical mesh decomposition using fuzzy clustering and cuts
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers
Characterization and Recognition of 3D Organ Shape in Medical Image Analysis Using Skeletonization
MMBIA '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Workshop on Mathematical Methods in Biomedical Image Analysis (MMBIA '96)
M-Reps: A New Object Representation for Graphics
M-Reps: A New Object Representation for Graphics
Finding Cavities and Tunnels in 3D Complex Objects
ICIAP '03 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Registration and Analysis of Vascular Images
International Journal of Computer Vision - Special Issue on Research at the University of North Carolina Medical Image Display Analysis Group (MIDAG)
Untangling the Blum Medial Axis Transform
International Journal of Computer Vision - Special Issue on Research at the University of North Carolina Medical Image Display Analysis Group (MIDAG)
Automatic Animation Skeleton Construction Using Repulsive Force Field
PG '03 Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications
Vortex tubes in turbulent flows: identification, representation, reconstruction
VIS '94 Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '94
Exact computation of the medial axis of a polyhedron
Computer Aided Geometric Design
A 3D 12-subiteration thinning algorithm based on P-simple points
Discrete Applied Mathematics - The 2001 international workshop on combinatorial image analysis (IWCIA 2001)
SMI '04 Proceedings of the Shape Modeling International 2004
Generating Realistic Images from Hydrothermal Plume Data
VIS '04 Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '04
The VesselGlyph: Focus & Context Visualization in CT-Angiography
VIS '04 Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '04
Robust Centerline Extraction Framework Using Level Sets
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
Marker-free kinematic skeleton estimation from sequences of volume data
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Advanced Curved Planar Reformation: Flattening of Vascular Structures
Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS'03)
3D Object Retrieval using Many-to-many Matching of Curve Skeletons
SMI '05 Proceedings of the International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications 2005
Domain connected graph: the skeleton of a closed 3D shape for animation
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
Efficient and robust computation of an approximated medial axis
SM '04 Proceedings of the ninth ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Defining and computing curve-skeletons with medial geodesic function
SGP '06 Proceedings of the fourth Eurographics symposium on Geometry processing
Computation of the shock scaffold for unorganized point clouds in 3D
CVPR'03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Discrete bisector function and euclidean skeleton
DGCI'05 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Discrete Geometry for Computer Imagery
The power crust, unions of balls, and the medial axis transform
Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications
Delaunay conforming iso-surface, skeleton extraction and noise removal
Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications
A two-level topological decomposition for non-manifold simplicial shapes
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Solid and physical modeling
Skeleton extraction by mesh contraction
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
A spatial awareness framework for enhancing game agent behaviour
Sandbox '08 Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Video games
From 3D Discrete Surface Skeletons to Curve Skeletons
ICIAR '08 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Volume decomposition and hierarchical skeletonization
VRCAI '08 Proceedings of The 7th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
Curve skeleton extraction from incomplete point cloud
ACM SIGGRAPH 2009 papers
Technical Section: Geometry-aware domain decomposition for T-spline-based manifold modeling
Computers and Graphics
Rig retargeting for 3D animation
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2009
Computing and Visualizing a Graph-Based Decomposition for Non-manifold Shapes
GbRPR '09 Proceedings of the 7th IAPR-TC-15 International Workshop on Graph-Based Representations in Pattern Recognition
Generating parametric models of tubes from laser scans
Computer-Aided Design
Data, information, and knowledge in visualization
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications - Special issue title on generating 3D building models a VR playground for teaching math
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Discrete scale axis representations for 3D geometry
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Segmenting simplified surface skeletons
DGCI'08 Proceedings of the 14th IAPR international conference on Discrete geometry for computer imagery
Technical Section: Feature-aligned harmonic volumetric mapping using MFS
Computers and Graphics
Automatic reconstruction of tree skeletal structures from point clouds
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2010 papers
Analysis, reconstruction and manipulation using arterial snakes
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2010 papers
Skeleton-growing: a vector-field-based 3D curve-skeleton extraction algorithm
ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2010 Sketches
Automatic assessment of the torsional alignment of the knee joint in three-dimension visualization
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
Technical Section: Exoskeleton: Curve network abstraction for 3D shapes
Computers and Graphics
Measuring 3D shape similarity by graph-based matching of the medial scaffolds
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Local Orthogonal Cutting Method for Computing Medial Curves and Its Biomedical Applications
SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing
On the computation of the {3, 4, 5} curve skeleton of 3D objects
Pattern Recognition Letters
Skeleton path based approach for nonrigid 3D shape analysis and retrieval
IWCIA'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Combinatorial image analysis
Image skeletonization based on curve skeleton extraction
HCII'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction: design and development approaches - Volume Part I
Automatic localization and quantification of intracranial aneurysms
CAIP'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Computer analysis of images and patterns - Volume Part I
Curve-skeletons based on the fat graph approximation
ACIVS'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Advanced concepts for intelligent vision systems
Sketch-based skeleton-driven 2D animation and motion capture
Transactions on edutainment VI
Multiview human pose estimation with unconstrained motions
Pattern Recognition Letters
UJA-3DFD: A program to compute the 3D fractal dimension from MRI data
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Fast extraction of neuron morphologies from large-scale SBFSEM image stacks
Journal of Computational Neuroscience
Skeleton of a multi-ribbon surface
ICCSA'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part I
Efficient 3d curve skeleton extraction from large objects
CIARP'11 Proceedings of the 16th Iberoamerican Congress conference on Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications
Identification of the root canal from dental Micro-CT records
CIARP'11 Proceedings of the 16th Iberoamerican Congress conference on Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications
A novel skeletonization and animation approach for point models
Transactions on Edutainment VII
A novel template-based automatic rigging algorithm
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Robust curve skeleton extraction for vascular structures
Graphical Models
Centroidal Voronoi Tessellation of Line Segments and Graphs
Computer Graphics Forum
From A Medial Surface To A Mesh
Computer Graphics Forum
Computer Graphics Forum
RigMesh: automatic rigging for part-based shape modeling and deformation
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2012
SkelTre - fast skeletonisation for imperfect point cloud data of botanic trees
EG 3DOR'09 Proceedings of the 2nd Eurographics conference on 3D Object Retrieval
A general approach to model biomedical data from 3D unorganised point clouds with medial scaffolds
EG VCBM'10 Proceedings of the 2nd Eurographics conference on Visual Computing for Biology and Medicine
Three-dimensional thinning algorithms on graphics processing units and multicore CPUs
Concurrency and Computation: Practice & Experience
Analytic Curve Skeletons for 3D Surface Modeling and Processing
Computer Graphics Forum
PRICAI'12 Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Rim international conference on Trends in Artificial Intelligence
Towards an automated 3d reconstruction of plant architecture
AGTIVE'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Applications of Graph Transformations with Industrial Relevance
Topology-driven vectorization of clean line drawings
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Topology-preserving λ2-based vortex core line detection for flow visualization
EuroVis'08 Proceedings of the 10th Joint Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
Curve skeleton extraction by graph contraction
CVM'12 Proceedings of the First international conference on Computational Visual Media
Information-theoretic selection of high-dimensional spectral features for structural recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Automated lobe-based airway labeling
Journal of Biomedical Imaging - Special issue on Lung Imaging Data Analysis
Topological maps and robust hierarchical Euclidean skeletons in cubical complexes
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Cost estimation of custom hoses from STL files and CAD drawings
Computers in Industry
Part template: 3D representation for multiview human pose estimation
Pattern Recognition
Proceedings of the 28th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics
L1-medial skeleton of point cloud
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - SIGGRAPH 2013 Conference Proceedings
Skeletal representations of orthogonal shapes
Graphical Models
Pose analysis using spectral geometry
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
A new relative chain code in 3D
Pattern Recognition
Coarse-to-fine skeleton extraction for high resolution 3D meshes
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
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Curve-skeletons are thinned 1D representations of 3D objects useful for many visualization tasks including virtual navigation, reduced-model formulation, visualization improvement, animation, etc. There are many algorithms in the literature describing extraction methodologies for different applications; however, it is unclear how general and robust they are. In this paper, we provide an overview of many curve-skeleton applications and compile a set of desired properties of such representations. We also give a taxonomy of methods and analyze the advantages and drawbacks of each class of algorithms.