Free-form deformation of solid geometric models
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Constraints on deformable models: recovering 3D shape and nongrid motion
Artificial Intelligence
Extended free-form deformation: a sculpturing tool for 3D geometric modeling
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Animated free-form deformation: an interactive animation technique
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Geometrically deformed models: a method for extracting closed geometric models form volume data
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Direct manipulation of free-form deformations
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A virtual environment and model of the eye for surgical simulation
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Realistic modeling for facial animation
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
3D chainmail: a fast algorithm for deforming volumetric objects
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing
Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing
Real-Time Elastic Deformations of Soft Tissues for Surgery Simulation
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Using Linked Volumes to Model Object Collisions, Deformation, Cutting, Carving, and Joining
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Physically Based Models with Rigid and Deformable Components
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Interactively Deformable Models for Surgery Simulation
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Deformable Models For Reconstructing Unstructured 3D Data
CVRMed '95 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine
Modelling Elasticity in Solids Using Active Cubes - Application to Simulated Operations
CVRMed '95 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine
CVRMed-MRCAS '97 Proceedings of the First Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine and Medial Robotics and Computer-Assisted Surgery
A Surgery Simulation Supporting Cuts and Finite Element Deformation
MICCAI '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Real-Time Simulation of Minimally-Invasive Surgery with Cutting Based on Boundary Element Methods
MICCAI '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Modeling the Dynamics of a Human Liver for a Minimally Invasive Surgery Simulator
MICCAI '99 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Modifying Soft Tissue Models: Progressive Cutting with Minimal New Element Creation
MICCAI '00 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Real-Time Large Displacement Elasticity for Surgery Simulation: Non-linear Tensor-Mass Model
MICCAI '00 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Parametric Eyeball Model for Interactive Simulation of Ophthalmologic Surgery
MICCAI '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Craniofacial Surgery Simulation
VBC '96 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Visualization in Biomedical Computing
Surgery Simulation Using fast Finite Elements
VBC '96 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Visualization in Biomedical Computing
Real Time Volumetric Deformable Models for Surgery Simulation
VBC '96 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Visualization in Biomedical Computing
A New Approach to Cutting into Finite Element Models
MICCAI '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
SINERGIA laparoscopic virtual reality simulator: Didactic design and technical development
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Real-time deformable models of non-linear tissues by model reduction techniques
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
On the Application of Model Reduction Techniques to Real-Time Simulation of Non-linear tissues
ISBMS '08 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Biomedical Simulation
Modelling Organ Deformation Using Mass-Springs and Tensional Integrity
ISBMS '08 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Biomedical Simulation
Real-Time Nonlinear FEM with Neural Network for Simulating Soft Organ Model Deformation
MICCAI '08 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Part II
Interaction model between elastic objects for haptic feedback considering collisions of soft tissue
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
A virtual reality surgery simulation of cutting and retraction in neurosurgery with force-feedback
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
A 3-D collision handling algorithm for surgery simulation based on feedback fuzzy logic
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine - Special section on biomedical informatics
An electromechanical based deformable model for soft tissue simulation
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Haptic rendering of deformable objects using a multiple FPGA parallel computing architecture
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Soft tissue deformation with neural dynamics for surgery simulation
International Journal of Robotics and Automation
Development scheme of haptic-based system for interactive deformable simulation
Computer-Aided Design
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Survey on model-based manipulation planning of deformable objects
Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Soft tissue deformation with reaction-diffusion process for surgery simulation
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Haptic feedback and control of a flexible surgical endoscopic robot
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Socket virtual design based on low cost hand tracking and haptic devices
Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
A Multiple-FPGA parallel computing architecture for real-time simulation of soft-object deformation
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Stereoscopic visualization of laparoscope image using depth information from 3D model
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Direct volume manipulation for visualizing intraoperative liver resection process
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
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Simulating the behaviour of elastic objects in real time is one of the current objectives of computer graphics. One of its fields of application lies in virtual reality, mainly in surgery simulation systems. In computer graphics, the models used for the construction of objects with deformable behaviour are known as deformable models. These have two conflicting characteristics: interactivity and motion realism. The different deformable models developed to date have promoted only one of these (usually interactivity) to the detriment of the other (biomechanical realism). In this paper, we present a classification of the different deformable models that have been developed. We present the advantages and disadvantages of each one. Finally, we make a comparison of deformable models and perform an evaluation of the state of the art and the future of deformable models.