Free-form deformation of solid geometric models
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Extended free-form deformation: a sculpturing tool for 3D geometric modeling
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Direct manipulation of free-form deformations
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Dynamic deformation of solid primitives with constraints
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Modeling inelastic deformation: viscolelasticity, plasticity, fracture
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Constraints methods for flexible models
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Physically Based Models with Rigid and Deformable Components
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Global and local deformations of solid primitives
SIGGRAPH '84 Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
3D chainmail: a fast algorithm for deforming volumetric objects
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Bag-of-particles as a deformable model
VISSYM '02 Proceedings of the symposium on Data Visualisation 2002
Real-Time Elastic Deformations of Soft Tissues for Surgery Simulation
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Surface Representation with Deformable Splines: Using Decoupled Variables
IEEE Computational Science & Engineering
GRIN'01 No description on Graphics interface 2001
Physically realistic virtual surgery using the point-associated finite field (PAFF) approach
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: Virtual heritage
A mass-spring model for surface mesh deformation based on shape matching
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia
Toward haptic rendering for a virtual dissection
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
A Virtual Environment Testbed for Training Laparoscopic Surgical Skills
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Virtual Reality-Based Simulation of Endoscopic Surgery
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Real-time deformable models for surgery simulation: a survey
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
The point collocation-based method of finite spheres (PCMFS) for real time surgery simulation
Computers and Structures
A physically-based virtual environment dedicated to surgical simulation
IS4TM'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Surgery simulation and soft tissue modeling
Deformation resistance in soft tissue cutting: a parametric study
HAPTICS'04 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Haptic interfaces for virtual environment and teleoperator systems
Real-Time simulation of deformable soft tissue based on mass-spring and medial representation
CVBIA'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Computer Vision for Biomedical Image Applications
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A methodology that addresses important issues concerned with the underlying graphical models designed for surgical simulation, as well as issues related to the real-time interactivity with, and manipulation of, these models is presented. The specific application of interest is laparoscopic surgery, which is performed using endoscopes that present a video image of the organs to the clinicians. The surgeon then performs the surgery while looking at the video monitor. The particular focus is gall bladder surgery, which involves various gastrointestinal organs. The overall objective is to simulate this environment by creating realistic, manipulable models of these organs. The models are interactively manipulable and exhibit behavior both visually acceptable and physically accurate. The approach is based on the notion of active surfaces. The rationale, mathematical formalism, and visualization techniques encompassed by the methodology are described. Recent results obtained from applying these methods to the problem of endoscopic gall bladder surgery simulation are presented.