A statistical optimization-based approach for automated sizing of analog cells
ICCAD '94 Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
DARWIN: CMOS opamp synthesis by means of a genetic algorithm
DAC '95 Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
GPCAD: a tool for CMOS op-amp synthesis
Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
A Fully Automated Approach for Analog Circuit Reuse
IWSOC '04 Proceedings of the System-on-Chip for Real-Time Applications, 4th IEEE International Workshop
Synthesis of CMOS Analog Cells Using AMIGO
DATE '03 Proceedings of the conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe: Designers' Forum - Volume 2
Proceedings of the conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe - Volume 2
PAD: A New Interactive Knowledge-Based Analog Design Approach
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing
A combined feasibility and performance macromodel for analog circuits
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
OPERA: optimization with ellipsoidal uncertainty for robust analog IC design
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
Mixed signal design space exploration through analog platforms
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
Efficient analog platform characterization through analog constraint graphs
ICCAD '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE/ACM International conference on Computer-aided design
Chameleon ART: a non-optimization based analog design migration framework
Proceedings of the 43rd annual Design Automation Conference
Automatic DC operating point computation and design plan generation for analog IPs
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Synthesis of high-performance analog circuits in ASTRX/OBLX
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
OPASYN: a compiler for CMOS operational amplifiers
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Anaconda: simulation-based synthesis of analog circuits via stochastic pattern search
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
WATSON: design space boundary exploration and model generation for analog and RFIC design
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
A CAD methodology for optimizing transistor current and sizing in analog CMOS design
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
The Sizing Rules Method for CMOS and Bipolar Analog Integrated Circuit Synthesis
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Integer programming based topology selection of cell-level analog circuits
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Hierarchical sizing and biasing of analog firm intellectual properties
Integration, the VLSI Journal
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In designing analog integrated circuits, the step of selecting device sizes and biases is crucial to enhance the final performance, power, and yield of the circuits. In manual design flows, the designer first selects bias voltage and branch current values, and then converts to widths and lengths via first-order equations. This is the operating-point driven (OP) formulation. Using OP makes it easy for the designer to maintain insight of the effect of design variables (voltage, currents) on performance, in addition to simplifying the sizing problem. In contrast to manual, automated sizing approaches in the computer-aided design (CAD) literature predominantly manipulate device sizes directly. While simpler from a CAD perspective, the direct-sizing approach misses the benefits of OP--insight and a simpler problem that would lead to faster convergence and better results. We believe that the OP formulation is underused, because of lack of familiarity, inconvenience, and underappreciation of its benefits. This investigation aims to resolve that and help to improve CAD practice, by reviewing the literature on OP that has been accumulated over the decades, and describing the variants, applications, and benefits of OP.