Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates
International Journal of Computer Vision
Neural Network-Based Face Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Nudge nudge wink wink: elements of face-to-face conversation for embodied conversational agents
Embodied conversational agents
Rotation Invariant Neural Network-Based Face Detection
CVPR '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
3-D Facial Pose and Gaze Point Estimation Using a Robust Real-Time Tracking Paradigm
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
3D Head Pose Estimation without Feature Tracking
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Dual-State Parametric Eye Tracking
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Nodding in conversations with a robot
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
From conversational tooltips to grounded discourse: head poseTracking in interactive dialog systems
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
GroupMedia: distributed multi-modal interfaces
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Affective Learning — A Manifesto
BT Technology Journal
Towards a model of face-to-face grounding
ACL '03 Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Contextual recognition of head gestures
ICMI '05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Combining environmental cues & head gestures to interact with wearable devices
ICMI '05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Explorations in engagement for humans and robots
Artificial Intelligence
Head gesture recognition in intelligent interfaces: the role of context in improving recognition
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Automatic prediction of frustration
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Head gestures for perceptual interfaces: The role of context in improving recognition
Artificial Intelligence
Hidden Conditional Random Fields
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Head pose tracking and gesture detection using block motion vectors on mobile devices
Mobility '07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on mobile technology, applications, and systems and the 1st international symposium on Computer human interaction in mobile technology
ICMI '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Automated detection of unusual events on stairs
Image and Vision Computing
Explorations in engagement for humans and robots
Artificial Intelligence
A natural head pose and eye gaze dataset
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Affective-Aware Virtual Agents and Social Robots
A multimodal system for gesture recognition in interactive music performance
Computer Music Journal
Proceedings of the Workshop on Use of Context in Vision Processing
A fast connected components labeling algorithm and its application to real-time pupil detection
Machine Vision and Applications - Integrated Imaging and Vision Techniques for Industrial Inspection
Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Workshop on Context-Awareness for Self-Managing Systems
Spatiotemporal-boosted DCT features for head and face gesture analysis
HBU'10 Proceedings of the First international conference on Human behavior understanding
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Robust classification of face and head gestures in video
Image and Vision Computing
A shared parameter model for gesture and sub-gesture analysis
IWCIA'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Combinatorial image analysis
Developing and automating a prototype for assessing levels of student involvement
FAC'11 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Foundations of augmented cognition: directing the future of adaptive systems
Head gesture recognition using feature interpolation
KES'06 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems - Volume Part I
Face tracking using mean-shift algorithm: a fuzzy approach for boundary detection
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Detecting learner frustration: towards mainstream use cases
ITS'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems - Volume Part II
Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors: Student-centered strategies for revolutionizing e-learning
Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors: Student-centered strategies for revolutionizing e-learning
Real time head nod and shake detection using HMMs
KES'06 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems - Volume Part III
Head gesture recognition based on bayesian network
IbPRIA'05 Proceedings of the Second Iberian conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis - Volume Part I
Using self-context for multimodal detection of head nods in face-to-face interactions
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
Development of head detection and tracking systems for visual surveillance
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
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Head nods and head shakes are non-verbal gestures used often to communicate intent, emotion and to perform conversational functions. We describe a vision-based system that detects head nods and head shakes in real time and can act as a useful and basic interface to a machine. We use an infrared sensitive camera equipped with infrared LEDs to track pupils. The directions of head movements, determined using the position of pupils, are used as observations by a discrete Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based pattern analyzer to detect when a head nod/shake occurs. The system is trained and tested on natural data from ten users gathered in the presence of varied lighting and varied facial expressions. The system as described achieves a real time recognition accuracy of 78.46% on the test dataset.