Cost-performance analysis of heterogeneity in supercomputer architectures
Proceedings of the 1990 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
An analytical approach to performance/cost modeling of parallel computers
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
The robustness of NUMA memory management
SOSP '91 Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Scheduling and page migration for multiprocessor compute servers
ASPLOS VI Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Scheduling Cilk multithreaded parallel programs on processors of different speeds
Proceedings of the twelfth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and architectures
Symbiotic jobscheduling for a simultaneous multithreaded processor
ASPLOS IX Proceedings of the ninth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Performance-Effective and Low-Complexity Task Scheduling for Heterogeneous Computing
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
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Single-ISA Heterogeneous Multi-Core Architectures: The Potential for Processor Power Reduction
Proceedings of the 36th annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Scheduling Strategies for Master-Slave Tasking on Heterogeneous Processor Platforms
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Single-ISA Heterogeneous Multi-Core Architectures for Multithreaded Workload Performance
Proceedings of the 31st annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Heat-and-run: leveraging SMT and CMP to manage power density through the operating system
ASPLOS XI Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Scheduling for heterogeneous processors in server systems
Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Computing frontiers
Mitigating Amdahl's Law through EPI Throttling
Proceedings of the 32nd annual international symposium on Computer Architecture
The Impact of Performance Asymmetry in Emerging Multicore Architectures
Proceedings of the 32nd annual international symposium on Computer Architecture
Heterogeneous Chip Multiprocessors
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Proceedings of the 33rd annual international symposium on Computer Architecture
Performance of multithreaded chip multiprocessors and implications for operating system design
ATEC '05 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
SWAP: a scheduler with automatic process dependency detection
NSDI'04 Proceedings of the 1st conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation - Volume 1
Towards scalable multiprocessor virtual machines
VM'04 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Virtual Machine Research And Technology Symposium - Volume 3
Exploiting unbalanced thread scheduling for energy and performance on a CMP of SMT processors
IPDPS'06 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Parallel and distributed processing
PipesFS: fast Linux I/O in the unix tradition
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - Research and developments in the Linux kernel
Asymmetric interactions in symmetric multi-core systems: analysis, enhancements and evaluation
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
Efficient and scalable multiprocessor fair scheduling using distributed weighted round-robin
Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming
Fast switching of threads between cores
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
HASS: a scheduler for heterogeneous multicore systems
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Push-assisted migration of real-time tasks in multi-core processors
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
IWMSE '09 Proceedings of the 2009 ICSE Workshop on Multicore Software Engineering
Maximizing power efficiency with asymmetric multicore systems
Communications of the ACM - Finding the Fun in Computer Science Education
Age based scheduling for asymmetric multiprocessors
Proceedings of the Conference on High Performance Computing Networking, Storage and Analysis
Operating system scheduling for efficient online self-test in robust systems
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming
AASH: an asymmetry-aware scheduler for hypervisors
Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments
Bias scheduling in heterogeneous multi-core architectures
Proceedings of the 5th European conference on Computer systems
A comprehensive scheduler for asymmetric multicore systems
Proceedings of the 5th European conference on Computer systems
Proceedings of the 7th ACM international conference on Computing frontiers
Event-driven processor power management
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking
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Optimizing a parallel runtime system for multicore clusters: a case study
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Scalable thread scheduling and global power management for heterogeneous many-core architectures
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Analyzing performance asymmetric multicore processors for latency sensitive datacenter applications
HotPower'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Power aware computing and systems
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ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Predictable task migration for locked caches in multi-core systems
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Proceedings of the international conference on Supercomputing
Virtualizing performance asymmetric multi-core systems
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Parallel pattern detection for architectural improvements
HotPar'11 Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX conference on Hot topic in parallelism
A case for NUMA-aware contention management on multicore systems
USENIXATC'11 Proceedings of the 2011 USENIX conference on USENIX annual technical conference
Agent based load balancing scheme using affinity processor scheduling for multicore architectures
WSEAS Transactions on Computers
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ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
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CGO '11 Proceedings of the 9th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization
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ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
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Recent research advocates asymmetric multi-core architectures, where cores in the same processor can have different performance. These architectures support single-threaded performance and multithreaded throughput at lower costs (e.g., die size and power). However, they also pose unique challenges to operating systems, which traditionally assume homogeneous hardware. This paper presents AMPS, an operating system scheduler that efficiently supports both SMP-and NUMA-style performance-asymmetric architectures. AMPS contains three components: asymmetry-aware load balancing, faster-core-first scheduling, and NUMA-aware migration. We have implemented AMPS in Linux kernel 2.6.16 and used CPU clock modulation to emulate performance asymmetry on an SMP and NUMA system. For various workloads, we show that AMPS achieves a median speedup of 1.16 with a maximum of 1.44 over stock Linux on the SMP, and a median of 1.07 with a maximum of 2.61 on the NUMA system. Our results also show that AMPS improves fairness and repeatability of application performance measurements.