Virtual reality, art, and entertainment
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Premier issue
Artificial Intelligence
The role of emotion in believable agents
Communications of the ACM
Multi-level direction of autonomous creatures for real-time virtual environments
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Improv: a system for scripting interactive actors in virtual worlds
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Collaborative plans for complex group action
Artificial Intelligence
FLAME—Fuzzy Logic Adaptive Model of Emotions
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Artificial Intelligence
Creating Personalities for Synthetic Actors, Towards Autonomous Personality Agents
Tools for an Interactive Virtual Cinema
Creating Personalities for Synthetic Actors, Towards Autonomous Personality Agents
The ALIVE system: full-body interaction with autonomous agents
CA '95 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
The metanovel: writing stories by computer.
The metanovel: writing stories by computer.
Believable agents: building interactive personalities
Believable agents: building interactive personalities
Narrative generation: balancing plot and character
Narrative generation: balancing plot and character
An objective character believability evaluation procedure for multi-agent story generation systems
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Narrative Generation for Suspense: Modeling and Evaluation
ICIDS '08 Proceedings of the 1st Joint International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling: Interactive Storytelling
A Use of Flashback and Foreshadowing for Surprise Arousal in Narrative Using a Plan-Based Approach
ICIDS '08 Proceedings of the 1st Joint International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling: Interactive Storytelling
Comparing cognitive and computational models of narrative structure
AAAI'04 Proceedings of the 19th national conference on Artifical intelligence
The FF planning system: fast plan generation through heuristic search
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Story generation after TALE-SPIN
IJCAI'81 Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
TALE-SPIN, an interactive program that writes stories
IJCAI'77 Proceedings of the 5th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Controlling Narrative Generation with Planning Trajectories: The Role of Constraints
ICIDS '09 Proceedings of the 2nd Joint International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling: Interactive Storytelling
A Computational Model of Emotional Response to Stories
ICIDS '09 Proceedings of the 2nd Joint International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling: Interactive Storytelling
Cinematic discourse generation
Cinematic discourse generation
Story plot generation based on CBR
Knowledge-Based Systems
A domain-independent framework for modeling emotion
Cognitive Systems Research
Creating customized game experiences by leveraging human creative effort: a planning approach
Agents for games and simulations II
Toward a computational framework of suspense and dramatic arc
ACII'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Affective computing and intelligent interaction - Volume Part I
Toward a computational model of affective responses to stories for augmenting narrative generation
ACII'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Affective computing and intelligent interaction - Volume Part II
Creative gadget design in fictions: generalized planning in analogical spaces
C&C '11 Proceedings of the 8th ACM conference on Creativity and cognition
Timeline-based navigation for interactive narratives
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology
Exploring passive user interaction for adaptive narratives
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
Adaptive storytelling and story repair in a dynamic environment
ICIDS'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling
Proceedings of the International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games
Validating a plan-based model of narrative conflict
Proceedings of the International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games
Growing up with Nell: a narrative interface for literacy
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
Say Anything: Using Textual Case-Based Reasoning to Enable Open-Domain Interactive Storytelling
ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS) - Special Issue on Common Sense for Interactive Systems
Dialog designs in virtual drama: balancing agency and scripted dialogs
AEGS'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Agents for Educational Games and Simulations
Narrative planning: compilations to classical planning
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Backstory authoring for affective agents
ICIDS'12 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Interactive Storytelling
NetworkING: using character relationships for interactive narrative generation
Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems
Efficient intent-based narrative generation using multiple planning agents
Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems
A brain-computer interface to a plan-based narrative
IJCAI'13 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence
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Narrative, and in particular storytelling, is an important part of the human experience. Consequently, computational systems that can reason about narrative can be more effective communicators, entertainers, educators, and trainers. One of the central challenges in computational narrative reasoning is narrative generation, the automated creation of meaningful event sequences. There are many factors - logical and aesthetic - that contribute to the success of a narrative artifact. Central to this success is its understandability. We argue that the following two attributes of narratives are universal: (a) the logical causal progression of plot, and (b) character believability. Character believability is the perception by the audience that the actions performed by characters do not negatively impact the audience's suspension of disbelief. Specifically, characters must be perceived by the audience to be intentional agents. In this article, we explore the use of refinement search as a technique for solving the narrative generation problem - to find a sound and believable sequence of character actions that transforms an initial world state into a world state in which goal propositions hold. We describe a novel refinement search planning algorithm - the Intent-based Partial Order Causal Link (IPOCL) planner - that, in addition to creating causally sound plot progression, reasons about character intentionality by identifying possible character goals that explain their actions and creating plan structures that explain why those characters commit to their goals. We present the results of an empirical evaluation that demonstrates that narrative plans generated by the IPOCL algorithm support audience comprehension of character intentions better than plans generated by conventional partial-order planners.