The go-go interaction technique: non-linear mapping for direct manipulation in VR
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Quantifying immersion in virtual reality
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Testbed evaluation of virtual environment interaction techniques
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
A study in interactive 3-D rotation using 2-D control devices
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
What's Real About Virtual Reality?
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - special issue: IEEE virtual reality 2002 conference
The Benefits of Statistical Visualization in an Immersive Environment
VR '99 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
Immersive Well-Path Editing: Investigating the Added Value of Immersion
VR '04 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2004
The benefits of immersion for spatial understanding of complex underground cave systems
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
The Benefits of Co-located Collaboration and Immersion on Assembly Modeling in Virtual Environments
ISVC '08 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part II
Designing a hybrid user interface: a case study on an oil and gas application
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
Evaluating the benefits of 3d stereo in modern video games
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating user performance in 3D stereo and motion enabled video games
Proceedings of the International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games
Navigating the space: evaluating a 3D-input device in placement and docking tasks
BCS-HCI '11 Proceedings of the 25th BCS Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Questioning naturalism in 3D user interfaces
Communications of the ACM
Usability benchmarks for motion tracking systems
Proceedings of the 19th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
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Empirical evidence of the benefits of immersion is an important goal for the virtual environment (VE) community. Direct comparison of immersive systems and non-immersive systems is insufficient because differences between such systems may be due not only to the level of immersion, but also to other factors, such as the input devices and interaction techniques used. In this paper, a study is presented that separates the effects of level of immersion and 3D interaction technique for a six-degree-of-freedom manipulation task. In the study, two components of immersion -- stereoscopy and field of regard -- were varied and three 3D interaction techniques -- HOMER, Go-Go, and DO-IT (a new keyboard- and mouse-based technique) -- were tested. The results of the experiment show that the interaction technique had a significant effect on object manipulation time, while the two components of immersion did not. The implications of these results are discussed for VE application developers.