Readings in natural language processing
Simple fast algorithms for the editing distance between trees and related problems
SIAM Journal on Computing
C4.5: programs for machine learning
C4.5: programs for machine learning
An algorithm for pronominal anaphora resolution
Computational Linguistics
An empirical study of automated dictionary construction for information extraction in three domains
Artificial Intelligence - Special volume on empirical methods
An algorithm for suffix stripping
Readings in information retrieval
Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training
COLT' 98 Proceedings of the eleventh annual conference on Computational learning theory
An Algorithm that Learns What‘s in a Name
Machine Learning - Special issue on natural language learning
Learning Information Extraction Rules for Semi-Structured and Free Text
Machine Learning - Special issue on natural language learning
Foundations of statistical natural language processing
Foundations of statistical natural language processing
Learning dictionaries for information extraction by multi-level bootstrapping
AAAI '99/IAAI '99 Proceedings of the sixteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence and the eleventh Innovative applications of artificial intelligence conference innovative applications of artificial intelligence
The Tree-to-Tree Correction Problem
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Building natural language generation systems
Building natural language generation systems
An introduction to support Vector Machines: and other kernel-based learning methods
An introduction to support Vector Machines: and other kernel-based learning methods
Machine Learning
Modern Information Retrieval
Learning to Classify Text Using Support Vector Machines: Methods, Theory and Algorithms
Learning to Classify Text Using Support Vector Machines: Methods, Theory and Algorithms
Summarization beyond sentence extraction: a probabilistic approach to sentence compression
Artificial Intelligence
An Information-Theoretic Definition of Similarity
ICML '98 Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Machine Learning
Less is More: Active Learning with Support Vector Machines
ICML '00 Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Machine Learning
Learning information extraction patterns from examples
Connectionist, Statistical, and Symbolic Approaches to Learning for Natural Language Processing
A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting
EuroCOLT '95 Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computational Learning Theory
A systematic comparison of various statistical alignment models
Computational Linguistics
Support vector machine active learning with applications to text classification
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Bottom-up relational learning of pattern matching rules for information extraction
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
A program for aligning sentences in bilingual corpora
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on using large corpora: I
The mathematics of statistical machine translation: parameter estimation
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on using large corpora: II
Using corpus statistics and WordNet relations for sense identification
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on word sense disambiguation
Bitext maps and alignment via pattern recognition
Computational Linguistics
Paraphrasing questions using given and new information
Computational Linguistics
Open-domain textual question answering techniques
Natural Language Engineering
Discovery of inference rules for question-answering
Natural Language Engineering
The TREC question answering track
Natural Language Engineering
ILEX: an architecture for a dynamic hypertext generation system
Natural Language Engineering
A maximum-entropy-inspired parser
NAACL 2000 Proceedings of the 1st North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics conference
A simple rule-based part of speech tagger
ANLC '92 Proceedings of the third conference on Applied natural language processing
Automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words
COLING '98 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
COLING '98 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
PRINCIPAR: an efficient, broad-coverage, principle-based parser
COLING '94 Proceedings of the 15th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
HMM-based word alignment in statistical translation
COLING '96 Proceedings of the 16th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Introduction to Machine Learning (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning)
Introduction to Machine Learning (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning)
Extracting paraphrases from a parallel corpus
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Fast decoding and optimal decoding for machine translation
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Logic form transformation of WordNet and its applicability to question answering
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Learning surface text patterns for a Question Answering system
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Learning to paraphrase: an unsupervised approach using multiple-sequence alignment
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
A categorial variation database for English
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
Statistical phrase-based translation
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
Syntax-based alignment of multiple translations: extracting paraphrases and generating new sentences
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
Feature-rich part-of-speech tagging with a cyclic dependency network
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
Automatic derivation of surface text patterns for a maximum entropy based question answering system
NAACL-Short '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology: companion volume of the Proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2003--short papers - Volume 2
Accurate unlexicalized parsing
ACL '03 Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Paraphrasing spoken Chinese using a paraphrase corpus
Natural Language Engineering
Verbnet: a broad-coverage, comprehensive verb lexicon
Verbnet: a broad-coverage, comprehensive verb lexicon
Head-Driven Statistical Models for Natural Language Parsing
Computational Linguistics
Sentence Fusion for Multidocument News Summarization
Computational Linguistics
Improving Machine Translation Performance by Exploiting Non-Parallel Corpora
Computational Linguistics
Towards a simple and accurate statistical approach to learning translation relationships among words
DMMT '01 Proceedings of the workshop on Data-driven methods in machine translation - Volume 14
Bootstrapping lexical choice via multiple-sequence alignment
EMNLP '02 Proceedings of the ACL-02 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing - Volume 10
Proceedings of the second international workshop on Paraphrasing - Volume 16
PARAPHRASE '03 Proceedings of the second international workshop on Paraphrasing - Volume 16
Exploiting paraphrases in a Question Answering system
PARAPHRASE '03 Proceedings of the second international workshop on Paraphrasing - Volume 16
Interrogative reformulation patterns and acquisition of question paraphrases
PARAPHRASE '03 Proceedings of the second international workshop on Paraphrasing - Volume 16
Extracting structural paraphrases from aligned monolingual corpora
PARAPHRASE '03 Proceedings of the second international workshop on Paraphrasing - Volume 16
Paraphrase acquisition for information extraction
PARAPHRASE '03 Proceedings of the second international workshop on Paraphrasing - Volume 16
Sentence alignment for monolingual comparable corpora
EMNLP '03 Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing
The Proposition Bank: An Annotated Corpus of Semantic Roles
Computational Linguistics
Evaluating WordNet-based Measures of Lexical Semantic Relatedness
Computational Linguistics
Information Extraction: Algorithms and Prospects in a Retrieval Context (The Information Retrieval Series)
Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, Second Edition (Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems)
Speech and Language Processing (2nd Edition)
Speech and Language Processing (2nd Edition)
Learning semantic classes for word sense disambiguation
ACL '05 Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Paraphrasing with bilingual parallel corpora
ACL '05 Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Methods for using textual entailment in open-domain question answering
ACL-44 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Unsupervised construction of large paraphrase corpora: exploiting massively parallel news sources
COLING '04 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Computational Linguistics
Multi-level bootstrapping for extracting parallel sentences from a quasi-comparable corpus
COLING '04 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Computational Linguistics
A semantic approach to recognizing textual entailment
HLT '05 Proceedings of the conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Robust textual inference via graph matching
HLT '05 Proceedings of the conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Recognising textual entailment with logical inference
HLT '05 Proceedings of the conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Improved statistical machine translation using paraphrases
HLT-NAACL '06 Proceedings of the main conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics
ParaEval: using paraphrases to evaluate summaries automatically
HLT-NAACL '06 Proceedings of the main conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics
Paraphrasing for automatic evaluation
HLT-NAACL '06 Proceedings of the main conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics
Question Answering in Restricted Domains: An Overview
Computational Linguistics
Dependency-Based Construction of Semantic Space Models
Computational Linguistics
Introduction to Information Retrieval
Introduction to Information Retrieval
Semantic role labeling: an introduction to the special issue
Computational Linguistics
A twin-candidate model for learning-based anaphora resolution
Computational Linguistics
Constructing corpora for the development and evaluation of paraphrase systems
Computational Linguistics
A structural approach to the automatic adjudication of word sense disagreements
Natural Language Engineering
Dependency Parsing
The framenet model and its applications†
Natural Language Engineering
Mining a lexicon of technical terms and lay equivalents
BioNLP '07 Proceedings of the Workshop on BioNLP 2007: Biological, Translational, and Clinical Language Processing
Negation, contrast and contradiction in text processing
AAAI'06 Proceedings of the 21st national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
ParaMetric: an automatic evaluation metric for paraphrasing
COLING '08 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Sentence compression beyond word deletion
COLING '08 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Using discourse commitments to recognize textual entailment
COLING '08 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Learning entailment rules for unary templates
COLING '08 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Evaluating the inferential utility of lexical-semantic resources
EACL '09 Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Syntactic and semantic kernels for short text pair categorization
EACL '09 Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Finding word substitutions using a distributional similarity baseline and immediate context overlap
EACL '09 Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop
Paraphrase recognition via dissimilarity significance classification
EMNLP '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Re-evaluating machine translation results with paraphrase support
EMNLP '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Clustering and matching headlines for automatic paraphrase acquisition
ENLG '09 Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation
Syntactic constraints on paraphrases extracted from parallel corpora
EMNLP '08 Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
A phrase-based alignment model for natural language inference
EMNLP '08 Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Answering the question you wish they had asked: the impact of paraphrasing for question answering
NAACL-Short '06 Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the NAACL, Companion Volume: Short Papers
Bootstrapping distributional feature vector quality
Computational Linguistics
Semantic inference at the lexical-syntactic level
AAAI'07 Proceedings of the 22nd national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Global inference for sentence compression an integer linear programming approach
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Sentence compression as tree transduction
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Using paraphrases for parameter tuning in statistical machine translation
StatMT '07 Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation
Inferring textual entailment with a probabilistically sound calculus*
Natural Language Engineering
Recognizing entailment in intelligent tutoring systems*
Natural Language Engineering
Assessing the impact of frame semantics on textual entailment
Natural Language Engineering
A machine learning approach to textual entailment recognition
Natural Language Engineering
Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment
EMSEE '05 Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment
Measuring the semantic similarity of texts
EMSEE '05 Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment
Local textual inference: can it be defined or circumscribed?
EMSEE '05 Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment
CRYSTAL inducing a conceptual dictionary
IJCAI'95 Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Proceedings of the ACL-PASCAL Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing
RTE '07 Proceedings of the ACL-PASCAL Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing
The third PASCAL recognizing textual entailment challenge
RTE '07 Proceedings of the ACL-PASCAL Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing
A semantic approach to textual entailment: system evaluation and task analysis
RTE '07 Proceedings of the ACL-PASCAL Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing
RTE '07 Proceedings of the ACL-PASCAL Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing
Learning textual entailment using SVMs and string similarity measures
RTE '07 Proceedings of the ACL-PASCAL Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing
Hypothesis transformation and semantic variability rules used in recognizing textual entailment
RTE '07 Proceedings of the ACL-PASCAL Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing
Extracting paraphrases of technical terms from noisy parallel software corpora
ACLShort '09 Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Conference Short Papers
Introduction of a new paraphrase generation tool based on Monte-Carlo sampling
ACLShort '09 Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Conference Short Papers
Automatic cost estimation for tree edit distance using particle swarm optimization
ACLShort '09 Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Conference Short Papers
Paraphrase recognition using machine learning to combine similarity measures
ACLstudent '09 Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Student Research Workshop
Robust machine translation evaluation with entailment features
ACL '09 Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP: Volume 1 - Volume 1
Paraphrase identification as probabilistic quasi-synchronous recognition
ACL '09 Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP: Volume 1 - Volume 1
Source-language entailment modeling for translating unknown terms
ACL '09 Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP: Volume 2 - Volume 2
Application-driven statistical paraphrase generation
ACL '09 Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP: Volume 2 - Volume 2
Distant supervision for relation extraction without labeled data
ACL '09 Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP: Volume 2 - Volume 2
Extracting lay paraphrases of specialized expressions from monolingual comparable medical corpora
BUCC '09 Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: from Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora
An extended model of natural logic
IWCS-8 '09 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Computational Semantics
Efficient kernels for sentence pair classification
EMNLP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Volume 1 - Volume 1
Improved statistical machine translation using monolingually-derived paraphrases
EMNLP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Volume 1 - Volume 1
A compact forest for scalable inference over entailment and paraphrase rules
EMNLP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Volume 3 - Volume 3
Large-scale verb entailment acquisition from the web
EMNLP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Volume 3 - Volume 3
Paraphrase assessment in structured vector space: exploring parameters and datasets
GEMS '09 Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics
Context-theoretic semantics for natural language: an overview
GEMS '09 Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics
Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference
TextInfer '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference
A proposal on evaluation measures for RTE
TextInfer '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference
Statistical Machine Translation
Statistical Machine Translation
An extractive supervised two-stage method for sentence compression
HLT '10 Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Text relatedness based on a word thesaurus
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
From frequency to meaning: vector space models of semantics
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Automatically generating extraction patterns from untagged text
AAAI'96 Proceedings of the thirteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
The PASCAL recognising textual entailment challenge
MLCW'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Machine Learning Challenges: evaluating Predictive Uncertainty Visual Object Classification, and Recognizing Textual Entailment
Aligning needles in a haystack: paraphrase acquisition across the web
IJCNLP'05 Proceedings of the Second international joint conference on Natural Language Processing
Computational Linguistics
Extracting paraphrases from definition sentences on the web
HLT '11 Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies - Volume 1
Putting it simply: a context-aware approach to lexical simplification
HLT '11 Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies: short papers - Volume 2
An empirical evaluation of data-driven paraphrase generation techniques
HLT '11 Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies: short papers - Volume 2
Unsupervised entailment detection between dependency graph fragments
BioNLP '11 Proceedings of BioNLP 2011 Workshop
Mavuno: a scalable and effective Hadoop-based paraphrase acquisition system
Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Large Scale Data Mining: Theory and Applications
Narrowing the modeling gap: a cluster-ranking approach to coreference resolution
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Comparing phrase-based and syntax-based paraphrase generation
MTTG '11 Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation
Framework for abstractive summarization using text-to-text generation
MTTG '11 Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation
A generate and rank approach to sentence paraphrasing
EMNLP '11 Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
UCNLG+EVAL '11 Proceedings of the UCNLG+Eval: Language Generation and Evaluation Workshop
Feature analysis of Chinese textual entailment system
ROCLING '11 ROCLING 2011 Poster Papers
A hybrid knowledge-based and data-driven approach to identifying semantically similar concepts
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Recognising sentence similarity using similitude and dissimilarity features
International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms
Power-law distributions for paraphrases extracted from bilingual corpora
EACL '12 Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
User edits classification using document revision histories
EACL '12 Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Validation of sub-sentential paraphrases acquired from parallel monolingual corpora
EACL '12 Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Evaluating Textual Entailment Recognition for University Entrance Examinations
ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP) - Special Issue on RITE
ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP) - Special Issue on RITE
Recognizing Inference in Texts with Markov Logic Networks
ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP) - Special Issue on RITE
ICT: a translation based method for cross-lingual textual entailment
SemEval '12 Proceedings of the First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics - Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation
Exploring grammatical error correction with not-so-crummy machine translation
Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP
PREFER: using a graph-based approach to generate paraphrases for language learning
Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP
A comparison of Chinese parsers for stanford dependencies
ACL '12 Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Short Papers - Volume 2
PATTY: a taxonomy of relational patterns with semantic types
EMNLP-CoNLL '12 Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning
Terminological paraphrase extraction from scientific literature based on predicate argument tuples
Journal of Information Science
Collaboratively built semi-structured content and Artificial Intelligence: The story so far
Artificial Intelligence
Empirical methods for the study of denotation in nominalizations in spanish
Computational Linguistics
Integrating statistical and lexical information for recognizing textual entailments in text
Knowledge-Based Systems
Refining the judgment threshold to improve recognizing textual entailment using similarity
ICCCI'12 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computational Collective Intelligence: technologies and applications - Volume Part II
Learning to predict from textual data
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Folktale classification using learning to rank
ECIR'13 Proceedings of the 35th European conference on Advances in Information Retrieval
Distributional phrasal paraphrase generation for statistical machine translation
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST) - Special Sections on Paraphrasing; Intelligent Systems for Socially Aware Computing; Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling, and Prediction
Paraphrase acquisition via crowdsourcing and machine learning
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST) - Special Sections on Paraphrasing; Intelligent Systems for Socially Aware Computing; Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling, and Prediction
Multitechnique paraphrase alignment: A contribution to pinpointing sub-sentential paraphrases
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST) - Special Sections on Paraphrasing; Intelligent Systems for Socially Aware Computing; Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling, and Prediction
Enhancing sentiment extraction from text by means of arguments
Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Issues of Sentiment Discovery and Opinion Mining
Integrating textual analysis and evidential reasoning for decision making in Engineering design
Knowledge-Based Systems
ReliAble dependency arc recognition
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
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Paraphrasing methods recognize, generate, or extract phrases, sentences, or longer natural language expressions that convey almost the same information. Textual entailment methods, on the other hand, recognize, generate, or extract pairs of natural language expressions, such that a human who reads (and trusts) the first element of a pair would most likely infer that the other element is also true. Paraphrasing can be seen as bidirectional textual entailment and methods from the two areas are often similar. Both kinds of methods are useful, at least in principle, in a wide range of natural language processing applications, including question answering, summarization, text generation, and machine translation. We summarize key ideas from the two areas by considering in turn recognition, generation, and extraction methods, also pointing to prominent articles and resources.