The design of an asynchronous microprocessor
Proceedings of the decennial Caltech conference on VLSI on Advanced research in VLSI
The limitations to delay-insensitivity in asynchronous circuits
AUSCRYPT '90 Proceedings of the sixth MIT conference on Advanced research in VLSI
Performance analysis and optimization of asynchronous circuits
Proceedings of the 1991 University of California/Santa Cruz conference on Advanced research in VLSI
Self-timed rings and their application to division
Self-timed rings and their application to division
The Stanford FLASH multiprocessor
ISCA '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Vibration-to-electric energy conversion
ISLPED '99 Proceedings of the 1999 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
System architecture directions for networked sensors
ASPLOS IX Proceedings of the ninth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation
A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice
Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring
WSNA '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications
The nesC language: A holistic approach to networked embedded systems
PLDI '03 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 conference on Programming language design and implementation
The Energy and Entropy of VLSI Computations
ASYNC '96 Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Advanced Research in Asynchronous Circuits and Systems
ASPRO-216: A Standard-Cell Q.D.I. 16-Bit RISC Asynchronous Microprocessor
ASYNC '98 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Advanced Research in Asynchronous Circuits and Systems
The Lutonium: A Sub-Nanojoule Asynchronous 8051 Microcontroller
ASYNC '03 Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems
SNAP: A Sensor-Network Asynchronous Processor
ASYNC '03 Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems
Asynchronous DRAM Design and Synthesis
ASYNC '03 Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems
The Design of an Asynchronous MIPS R3000 Microprocessor
ARVLSI '97 Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Advanced Research in VLSI (ARVLSI '97)
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
WMCSA '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications
Precise Exceptions in Asynchronous Processors
ARVLSI '01 Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Advanced Research in VLSI
Globally-asynchronous locally-synchronous systems (performance, reliability, digital)
Globally-asynchronous locally-synchronous systems (performance, reliability, digital)
Sensor networks with mobile agents
MILCOM'03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE conference on Military communications - Volume I
Energy Optimization of Subthreshold-Voltage Sensor Network Processors
Proceedings of the 32nd annual international symposium on Computer Architecture
An Ultra Low Power System Architecture for Sensor Network Applications
Proceedings of the 32nd annual international symposium on Computer Architecture
Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Compilers, architectures and synthesis for embedded systems
A dual-processor solution for the MAC layer of a software defined radio terminal
Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Compilers, architectures and synthesis for embedded systems
Proceedings of the 2005 joint conference on Smart objects and ambient intelligence: innovative context-aware services: usages and technologies
CASES '06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Compilers, architecture and synthesis for embedded systems
t-kernel: providing reliable OS support to wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Error control coding in low-power wireless sensor networks: when is ECC energy-efficient?
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
SpotCore: a power-efficient embedded processor for intelligent sensor networks
Proceedings of the ICST 2nd international conference on Body area networks
A knowledge-oriented meta-framework for integrating sensor network infrastructures
Computers & Geosciences
An accelerator-based wireless sensor network processor in 130nm CMOS
CASES '09 Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Compilers, architecture, and synthesis for embedded systems
Energy-efficient subthreshold processor design
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Low-power TinyOS tuned processor platform for wireless sensor network motes
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
A compact hard real-time operating system for wireless sensor nodes
INSS'09 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Networked sensing systems
Power/energy estimator for designing WSN nodes with ambient energy harvesting feature
EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems - Special issue on networked embedded systems for energy management and buildings
A 36μW heartbeat-detection processor for a wireless sensor node
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
System-Level Synthesis for Wireless Sensor Node Controllers: A Complete Design Flow
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Power-Aware processors for wireless sensor networks
ISCIS'06 Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Computer and Information Sciences
Reducing energy dissipation of wireless sensor processors using silent-store-filtering motecache
PATMOS'06 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Integrated Circuit and System Design: power and Timing Modeling, Optimization and Simulation
Design of a low-energy data processing architecture for WSN nodes
DATE '12 Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
L24: Parallelism, performance, energy efficiency, and cost trade-offs in future sensor platforms
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
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We present a novel processor architecture designed specifically for use in low-power wireless sensor-network nodes. Our sensor network asynchronous processor (SNAP/LE) is based on an asynchronous data-driven 16-bit RISC core with an extremely low-power idle state, and a wakeup response latency on the order of tens of nanoseconds. The processor instruction set is optimized for sensor-network applications, with support for event scheduling, pseudo-random number generation, bitfield operations, and radio/sensor interfaces. SNAP/LE has a hardware event queue and event coprocessors, which allow the processor to avoid the overhead of operating system software (such as task schedulers and external interrupt servicing), while still providing a straightforward programming interface to the designer. The processor can meet performance levels required for data monitoring applications while executing instructions with tens of picojoules of energy.We evaluate the energy consumption of SNAP/LE with several applications representative of the workload found in data-gathering wireless sensor networks. We compare our architecture and software against existing platforms for sensor networks, quantifying both the software and hardware benefits of our approach.