ACM SIGART Bulletin
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Multi-level direction of autonomous creatures for real-time virtual environments
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
User embodiment in collaborative virtual environments
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Improv: a system for scripting interactive actors in virtual worlds
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Instructible agents: software that just keeps getting better
IBM Systems Journal
Direct manipulation vs. interface agents
interactions
Virtual actors that can perform scripts and improvise roles
AGENTS '97 Proceedings of the first international conference on Autonomous agents
Gandalf: an embodied humanoid capable of real-time multimodal dialogue with people
AGENTS '97 Proceedings of the first international conference on Autonomous agents
Embodied conversational interface agents
Communications of the ACM
Dynamically altering agent behaviors using natural language instructions
AGENTS '00 Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Autonomous agents
Proceedings of the third international conference on Collaborative virtual environments
External manifestations of trustworthiness in the interface
Communications of the ACM
Is the wolf angry or... just hungry?
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Autonomous agents
AgentSalon: facilitating face-to-face knowledge exchange through conversations among personal agents
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Autonomous agents
Embodied agents for multi-party dialogue in immersive virtual worlds
Proceedings of the first international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems: part 2
Cursive:: controlling expressive avatar gesture using pen gesture
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Collaborative virtual environments
Lessons learned in modeling schizophrenic and depressed responsive virtual humans for training
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Intelligent Agents Who Wear Your Face: Users' Reactions to the Virtual Self
IVA '01 Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Intelligent Virtual Agents
IVA '01 Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Exms: an animated and avatar-based messaging system for expressive peer communication
GROUP '03 Proceedings of the 2003 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work
Embodiment and copresence in collaborative interfaces
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The use of emotions to create believable agents in a virtual environment
Proceedings of the fourth international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Modeling dynamic perceptual attention in complex virtual environments
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Incorporating an intelligent tutoring system into CS1
Proceedings of the 37th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education
Embodied conversational agents on a common ground
From brows to trust
We learn better together: enhancing eLearning with emotional characters
CSCL '05 Proceedings of th 2005 conference on Computer support for collaborative learning: learning 2005: the next 10 years!
Computer-supported collaboration in a scripted 3-D game environment
CSCL '05 Proceedings of th 2005 conference on Computer support for collaborative learning: learning 2005: the next 10 years!
Approaching and leave-taking: Negotiating contact in computer-mediated communication
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Telepresence: Understanding People as Content
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Learning to gesture: applying appropriate animations to spoken text
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Multimedia
Social Perception and Steering for Online Avatars
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
IBERAMIA '08 Proceedings of the 11th Ibero-American conference on AI: Advances in Artificial Intelligence
E-Drama: Facilitating Online Role-play using an AI Actor and Emotionally Expressive Characters
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Spontaneous Avatar Behavior for Human Territoriality
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
CharanisML: A Flexible Virtual Actor Control Interface
Edutainment '09 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on E-Learning and Games: Learning by Playing. Game-based Education System Design and Development
Computers in Human Behavior
A realistic, virtual head for human-computer interaction
Interacting with Computers
A methodology to bring MAS to information systems
AOIS'06 Proceedings of the 8th international Bi conference on Agent-oriented information systems IV
Avatars in conversation: the importance of simulating territorial behavior
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Visual attention and eye gaze during multiparty conversations with distractions
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Conversational agent model in intelligent user interface
WILF'03 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Fuzzy Logic and Applications
Emotion estimation and reasoning based on affective textual interaction
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
A chat system based on emotion estimation from text and embodied conversational messengers
ICEC'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Entertainment Computing
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Although avatars may resemble communicative interface agents, they have for the most part not profited from recent research into autonomous embodied conversational systems. In particular, even though avatars function within conversational environments (for example, chat or games), and even though they often resemble humans (with a head, hands, and a body) they are incapable of representing the kinds of knowledge that humans have about how to use the body during communication. Humans, however, do make extensive use of the visual channel for interaction management where many subtle and even involuntary cues are read from stance, gaze, and gesture. We argue that the modeling and animation of such fundamental behavior is crucial for the credibility and effectiveness of the virtual interaction in chat. By treating the avatar as a communicative agent, we propose a method to automate the animation of important communicative behavior, deriving from work in conversation and discourse theory. BodyChat is a system that allows users to communicate via text while their avatars automatically animate attention, salutations, turn taking, back-channel feedback, and facial expression. An evaluation shows that users found an avatar with autonomous conversational behaviors to be more natural than avatars whose behaviors they controlled, and to increase the perceived expressiveness of the conversation. Interestingly, users also felt that avatars with autonomous communicative behaviors provided a greater sense of user control.