SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Tangible bits: towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Digital manipulatives: new toys to think with
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
From lampreys to salamanders: evolving neural controllers for swimming and walking
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior on From animals to animats 5
Tangible programming elements for young children
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Conceptualising tangibles to support learning
Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children
I/O brush: drawing with everyday objects as ink
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Topobo: a constructive assembly system with kinetic memory
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending tangible interfaces for education: digital montessori-inspired manipulatives
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mindstorms: children, computers, and powerful ideas
Mindstorms: children, computers, and powerful ideas
CSCL '02 Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning: Foundations for a CSCL Community
Tangible user interfaces for configuration practices
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Remix and Robo: sampling, sequencing and real-time control of a tangible robotic construction system
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Interaction design and children
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Interaction design and children
Posey: instrumenting a poseable hub and strut construction toy
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
A representation approach to conceptualizing tangible learning environments
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Interaction Design and Children
Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction
Escape machine: teaching computational thinking with a tangible state machine game
IDC '08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Interaction design and children
Kingdom of the Knights: evaluation of a seamlessly augmented toy environment for playful learning
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
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Digital Manipulatives embed computation in familiar children's toys and provide means for children to design behavior. Some systems use "record and play" as a form of programming by demonstration that is intuitive and easy to learn. With others, children write symbolic programs with a GUI and download them into a toy, an approach that is conceptually extensible, but is inconsistent with the physicality of educational manipulatives. The challenge we address is to create a tangible interface that can retain the immediacy and emotional engagement of "record and play" and incorporate a mechanism for real time and direct modulation of behavior during program execution.We introduce the Backpacks, modular physical components that children can incorporate into robotic creations to modulate frequency, amplitude, phase and orientation of motion recordings. Using Backpacks, children can investigate basic kinematic principles that underly why their specific creations exhibit the specific behaviors they observe. We demonstrate that Backpacks make tangible some of the benefits of symbolic abstraction, and introduce sensors, feedback and behavior modulation to the record and play paradigm. Through our review of user studies with children ages 6-15, we argue that Backpacks extend the conceptual limits of record and play with an interface that is consistent with both the physicality of educational manipulatives and the local-global systems dynamics that are characteristic of complex robots.