An Algorithm for Finding a Common Structure Shared by a Family of Strings
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Introduction to algorithms
User interface evaluation in the real world: a comparison of four techniques
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
T-Cube: a fast, self-disclosing pen-based alphabet
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The immediate usability of graffiti
Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '97
The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Patterns of entry and correction in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The String-to-String Correction Problem
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Spelling correction in systems programs
Communications of the ACM
A technique for computer detection and correction of spelling errors
Communications of the ACM
Comparison of two touchpad-based methods for numeric entry
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A character-level error analysis technique for evaluating text entry methods
Proceedings of the second Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction
Measuring errors in text entry tasks: an application of the Levenshtein string distance statistic
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Shorthand writing on stylus keyboard
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Metrics for text entry research: an evaluation of MSD and KSPC, and a new unified error metric
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Phrase sets for evaluating text entry techniques
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Rapid identification of repeated patterns in strings, trees and arrays
STOC '72 Proceedings of the fourth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
EdgeWrite: a stylus-based text entry method designed for high accuracy and stability of motion
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
TNT: a numeric keypad based text input method
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Comparing the immediate usability of graffiti 2 and virtual keyboard
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Recent developments in text-entry error rate measurement
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Writing with a joystick: a comparison of date stamp, selection keyboard, and EdgeWrite
GI '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Graphics Interface Conference
Alphabetically constrained keypad designs for text entry on mobile devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
UIST '06 Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
One-handed touch typing on a QWERTY keyboard
Human-Computer Interaction
Text entry using a dual joystick game controller
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Game controller text entry with alphabetic and multi-tap selection keyboards
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Comparing two methods for gesture based short text input using chording
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
TwoStick: writing with a game controller
GI '07 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2007
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
Five-key text input using rhythmic mappings
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Longitudinal evaluation of discrete consecutive gaze gestures for text entry
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
EdgeWrite with integrated corner sequence help
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
TrueKeys: identifying and correcting typing errors for people with motor impairments
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
ExpECT: an expanded error categorisation method for text input
BCS-HCI '07 Proceedings of the 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: HCI...but not as we know it - Volume 1
MECE method for categorising typing errors
BCS-HCI '08 Proceedings of the 22nd British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: Culture, Creativity, Interaction - Volume 2
Proceedings of the 23rd British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: Celebrating People and Technology
Performance of finger-operated soft keyboard with and without offset zoom on the pressed key
Mobility '09 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mobile Technology, Application & Systems
Multiple mouse text entry for single-display groupware
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
EPCE'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics
Multi-modal text entry and selection on a mobile device
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010
Ability-Based Design: Concept, Principles and Examples
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
Typing on flat glass: examining ten-finger expert typing patterns on touch surfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
AirStroke: bringing unistroke text entry to freehand gesture interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Gathering text entry metrics on android devices
CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The 1line keyboard: a QWERTY layout in a single line
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Towards online adaptation and personalization of key-target resizing for mobile devices
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An exploratory study of eye typing fundamentals: dwell time, text entry rate, errors, and workload
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Input finger detection for nonvisual touch screen text entry in Perkinput
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2012
Establishing a baseline for text entry for a multi-touch virtual keyboard
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Touch behavior with different postures on soft smartphone keyboards
MobileHCI '12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Octopus: evaluating touchscreen keyboard correction and recognition algorithms via
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
DigiTaps: eyes-free number entry on touchscreens with minimal audio feedback
Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Exploring the use of speech input by blind people on mobile devices
Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility
Effects of hand drift while typing on touchscreens
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2013
Disambiguation of imprecise input with one-dimensional rotational text entry
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Accessibility Evaluation of Classroom Captions
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
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Recent improvements in text entry error rate measurement have enabled the running of text entry experiments in which subjects are free to correct errors (or not) as they transcribe a presented string. In these “unconstrained” experiments, it is no longer necessary to force subjects to unnaturally maintain synchronicity with presented text for the sake of performing overall error rate calculations. However, the calculation of character-level error rates, which can be trivial in artificially constrained evaluations, is far more complicated in unconstrained text entry evaluations because it is difficult to infer a subject's intention at every character. For this reason, prior character-level error analyses for unconstrained experiments have only compared presented and transcribed strings, not input streams. But input streams are rich sources of character-level error information, since they contain all of the text entered (and erased) by a subject. The current work presents an algorithm for the automated analysis of character-level errors in input streams for unconstrained text entry evaluations. It also presents new character-level metrics that can aid method designers in refining text entry methods. To exercise these metrics, we perform two analyses on data from an actual text entry experiment. One analysis, available from the prior work, uses only presented and transcribed strings. The other analysis uses input streams, as described in the current work. The results confirm that input stream error analysis yields richer information for the same empirical data. To facilitate the use of these new analyses, we offer pseudocode and downloadable software for performing unconstrained text entry experiments and analyzing data.