Towards a general theory of action and time
Artificial Intelligence
Decision procedures and expressiveness in the temporal logic of branching time
Journal of Computer and System Sciences
Distributed systems: methods and tools for specification. An advanced course
Distributed systems: methods and tools for specification. An advanced course
The complexity of propositional linear temporal logics
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
“Sometimes” and “not never” revisited: on branching versus linear time temporal logic
Journal of the ACM (JACM) - The MIT Press scientific computation series
Automatic verification of finite-state concurrent systems using temporal logic specifications
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Graph-Based Algorithms for Boolean Function Manipulation
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Improved upper and lower bounds for modal logics of programs
STOC '85 Proceedings of the seventeenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
The complementation problem for Bu¨chi automata with applications to temporal logic
Theoretical Computer Science
On &ohgr;-automata and temporal logic
STOC '89 Proceedings of the twenty-first annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
POPL '88 Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages
Handbook of theoretical computer science (vol. B)
Shared binary decision diagram with attributed edges for efficient Boolean function manipulation
DAC '90 Proceedings of the 27th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
The temporal logic of reactive and concurrent systems
The temporal logic of reactive and concurrent systems
Symbolic Boolean manipulation with ordered binary-decision diagrams
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Symbolic model checking: an approach to the state explosion problem
Symbolic model checking: an approach to the state explosion problem
Model checking and abstraction
POPL '92 Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages
Symbolic model checking: 1020 states and beyond
Information and Computation - Special issue: Selections from 1990 IEEE symposium on logic in computer science
Reduction of OBDDs in linear time
Information Processing Letters
On-the-fly verification of finite transition systems
Formal Methods in System Design - Special issue on computer-aided verification: general methods
Memory-efficient algorithms for the verification of temporal properties
Formal Methods in System Design - Special issue on computer-aided verification: general methods
Reasoning about infinite computations
Information and Computation
Efficient generation of counterexamples and witnesses in symbolic model checking
DAC '95 Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
An automata-theoretic approach to linear temporal logic
Proceedings of the VIII Banff Higher order workshop conference on Logics for concurrency : structure versus automata: structure versus automata
An introduction to formal languages and automata (2nd ed.)
An introduction to formal languages and automata (2nd ed.)
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering - Special issue on formal methods in software practice
Modalities for model checking (extended abstract): branching time strikes back
POPL '85 Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages
Checking that finite state concurrent programs satisfy their linear specification
POPL '85 Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages
Model checking
An automata-theoretic approach to branching-time model checking
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Implicit enumeration of strongly connected components
ICCAD '99 Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Proving Liveness Properties of Concurrent Programs
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Efficient Detection of Vacuity in Temporal Model Checking
Formal Methods in System Design - Special issue on CAV '97
Model-checking infinite state-space systems with fine-grained abstractions using SPIN
SPIN '01 Proceedings of the 8th international SPIN workshop on Model checking of software
The nonapproximability of OBDD minimization
Information and Computation
On the temporal analysis of fairness
POPL '80 Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages
"Sometime" is sometimes "not never": on the temporal logic of programs
POPL '80 Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages
The temporal logic of branching time
POPL '81 Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages
Introduction to Algorithms
Another Look at LTL Model Checking
Formal Methods in System Design
The Infeasibility of Quantifying the Reliability of Life-Critical Real-Time Software
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Model Checking Large Software Specifications
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Simple on-the-fly automatic verification of linear temporal logic
Proceedings of the Fifteenth IFIP WG6.1 International Symposium on Protocol Specification, Testing and Verification XV
The Complexity of Equivalence and Containment for Free Single Variable Program Schemes
Proceedings of the Fifth Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming
From States to Transitions: Improving Translation of LTL Formulae to Büchi Automata
FORTE '02 Proceedings of the 22nd IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference Houston on Formal Techniques for Networked and Distributed Systems
A Comparative Study of Symbolic Algorithms for the Computation of Fair Cycles
FMCAD '00 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design
An Algorithm for Strongly Connected Component Analysis in n log n Symbolic Steps
FMCAD '00 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design
Proceedings of the 12th Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming
Symbolic Model Checking without BDDs
TACAS '99 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for Construction and Analysis of Systems
Is There a Best Symbolic Cycle-Detection Algorithm?
TACAS 2001 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems
Branching vs. Linear Time: Final Showdown
TACAS 2001 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems
The ForSpec Temporal Logic: A New Temporal Property-Specification Language
TACAS '02 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems
Generalized Quantitative Temporal Reasoning: An Automata Theoretic Approach
TAPSOFT '97 Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference CAAP/FASE on Theory and Practice of Software Development
Temporal Logic with Fixed Points
Temporal Logic in Specification
Specification and verification of concurrent systems in CESAR
Proceedings of the 5th Colloquium on International Symposium on Programming
SAFECOMP '02 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security
On-the-Fly Verification of Linear Temporal Logic
FM '99 Proceedings of the Wold Congress on Formal Methods in the Development of Computing Systems-Volume I - Volume I
CAV '97 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Model Checking of Safety Properties
CAV '99 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Improved Automata Generation for Linear Temporal Logic
CAV '99 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
An Automata-Theoretic Approach to Reasoning about Infinite-State Systems
CAV '00 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Efficient Büchi Automata from LTL Formulae
CAV '00 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
CAV '01 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Fast LTL to Büchi Automata Translation
CAV '01 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
CAV '02 Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
NuSMV 2: An OpenSource Tool for Symbolic Model Checking
CAV '02 Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
A Stubborn Attack On State Explosion
CAV '90 Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Computer Aided Verification
Efficient omega-Regular Language Containment
CAV '92 Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computer Aided Verification
An Automata-Theoretic Approach to Branching-Time Model Checking (Extended Abstract)
CAV '94 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
VIS: A System for Verification and Synthesis
CAV '96 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Planning via Model Checking: A Decision Procedure for AR
ECP '97 Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Planning: Recent Advances in AI Planning
Design and Synthesis of Synchronization Skeletons Using Branching-Time Temporal Logic
Logic of Programs, Workshop
Verification Tools for Finite-State Concurrent Systems
A Decade of Concurrency, Reflections and Perspectives, REX School/Symposium
Algorithmic Verification of Linear Temporal Logic Specifications
ICALP '98 Proceedings of the 25th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming
BDD-Based Debugging Of Design Using Language Containment and Fair CTL
CAV '93 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
Debugging temporal specifications with concept analysis
PLDI '03 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Linear vs. Branching Time: A Complexity-Theoretic Perspective
LICS '98 Proceedings of the 13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science
POPL '84 Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages
STOC '84 Proceedings of the sixteenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
Weak Alternating Automata Are Not That Weak
ISTCS '97 Proceedings of the Fifth Israel Symposium on the Theory of Computing Systems (ISTCS '97)
Towards model checking interpreted systems
AAMAS '03 Proceedings of the second international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Model Checking with Multi-Valued Temporal Logics
ISMVL '01 Proceedings of the 31st IEEE International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic
Logic in Computer Science: Modelling and Reasoning about Systems
Logic in Computer Science: Modelling and Reasoning about Systems
SPOT: An Extensible Model Checking Library Using Transition-Based Generalized Büchi Automata
MASCOTS '04 Proceedings of the The IEEE Computer Society's 12th Annual International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunications Systems
Proving the shalls: Early validation of requirements through formal methods
International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer (STTT) - A View from Formal Methods 2003 (pp 301-354); Special Section on Recent Advances in Hardware Verification (pp 355-447)
Automated Software Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Proving the Correctness of Multiprocess Programs
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Principles of Model Checking (Representation and Mind Series)
Principles of Model Checking (Representation and Mind Series)
The temporal logic of programs
SFCS '77 Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
Reasoning about infinite computation paths
SFCS '83 Proceedings of the 24th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
On the complexity of omega -automata
SFCS '88 Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
The complexity of tree automata and logics of programs
SFCS '88 Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
25 Years of Model Checking
TPHOLs '08 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics
Büchi Complementation and Size-Change Termination
TACAS '09 Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems: Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2009,
An algebraic definition of simulation between programs
IJCAI'71 Proceedings of the 2nd international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
Liveness Checking as Safety Checking for Infinite State Spaces
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
Automata-theoretic model checking revisited
VMCAI'07 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Verification, model checking, and abstract interpretation
Improved algorithms for the automata-based approach to model-checking
TACAS'07 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Tools and algorithms for the construction and analysis of systems
Proceedings of the 14th international SPIN conference on Model checking software
Pillars of computer science
Systems and Software Verification: Model-Checking Techniques and Tools
Systems and Software Verification: Model-Checking Techniques and Tools
Model checking real time java using java pathfinder
ATVA'05 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis
Concepts of automata construction from LTL
LPAR'05 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Reasoning
Unexcitability analysis of SEus affecting the routing structure of SRAM-based FPGAs
Proceedings of the 23rd ACM international conference on Great lakes symposium on VLSI
Contributions of model checking and CoFI methodology to the development of space embedded software
Empirical Software Engineering
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We are seeing an increased push in the use of formal verification techniques in safety-critical software and hardware in practice. Formal verification has been successfully used to verify systems such as air traffic control, airplane separation assurance, autopilot, CPU designs, life-support systems, medical equipment (such as devices which administer radiation), and many other systems which ensure human safety. This survey provides a perspective on the formal verification technique of linear temporal logic (LTL) symbolic model checking, from its history and evolution leading up to the state-of-the-art. We unify research from 1977 to 2009, providing a complete end-to-end analysis embracing a users' perspective by applying each step to a real-life aerospace example. We include an in-depth examination of the algorithms underlying the symbolic model-checking procedure, show proofs of important theorems, and point to directions of ongoing research. The primary focus is on model checking using LTL specifications, though other approaches are briefly discussed and compared to using LTL.