Exploration and virtual camera control in virtual three dimensional environments
I3D '90 Proceedings of the 1990 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Rapid controlled movement through a virtual 3D workspace
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Automated generation of intent-based 3D Illustrations
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Through-the-lens camera control
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Automatic viewing control for 3D direct manipulation
I3D '92 Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
WIP: the automatic synthesis of multimodal presentations
Intelligent multimedia interfaces
CamDroid: a system for implementing intelligent camera control
I3D '95 Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Intelligent camera control for graphical environments
Intelligent camera control for graphical environments
The virtual cinematographer: a paradigm for automatic real-time camera control and directing
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Context sensitive flying interface
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Constrained 3D navigation with 2D controllers
VIS '97 Proceedings of the 8th conference on Visualization '97
Intelligent multi-shot visualization interfaces for dynamic 3D worlds
IUI '99 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Cognitive modeling: knowledge, reasoning and planning for intelligent characters
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Where Am I? What Am I Looking At?
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
AAAI'97/IAAI'97 Proceedings of the fourteenth national conference on artificial intelligence and ninth conference on Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Declarative camera control for automatic cinematography
AAAI'96 Proceedings of the thirteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Generating virtual camera compositions
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Storyboard frame editing for cinematic composition
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
StyleCam: interactive stylized 3D navigation using integrated spatial & temporal controls
Proceedings of the 15th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Modeling Camera Control with Constrained Hypertubes
CP '02 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming
Evolving behaviours for a real-time autonomous camera
Proceedings of the second Australasian conference on Interactive entertainment
A Constraint-Based Autonomous 3D Camera System
Constraints
Real-Time Camera Planning for Navigation in Virtual Environments
SG '08 Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on Smart Graphics
Virtual Camera Composition with Particle Swarm Optimization
SG '08 Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on Smart Graphics
SG '08 Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on Smart Graphics
Swarming in a Virtual World: A PSO Approach to Virtual Camera Composition
ANTS '08 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Ant Colony Optimization and Swarm Intelligence
Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Control of Constraint Weights for a 2D Autonomous Camera
Canadian AI '09 Proceedings of the 22nd Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Comparing Effects of Different Cinematic Visualization Strategies on Viewer Comprehension
ICIDS '09 Proceedings of the 2nd Joint International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling: Interactive Storytelling
A constraint-based approach to camera path planning
SG'03 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Smart graphics
SG'03 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Smart graphics
Towards affective camera control in games
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Accurately measuring the satisfaction of visual properties in virtual camera control
SG'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Smart graphics
SG'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Smart graphics
A real-time cinematography system for interactive 3D environments
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Advanced composition in virtual camera control
SG'11 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Smart graphics
Towards adaptive virtual camera control in computer games
SG'11 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Smart graphics
The director's lens: an intelligent assistant for virtual cinematography
MM '11 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Entropy assisted automated terrain navigation using traveling salesman problem
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
Applying constraint satisfaction techniques to 3d camera control
AI'04 Proceedings of the 17th Australian joint conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Virtual camera planning: a survey
SG'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Smart Graphics
Modelling virtual camera behaviour through player gaze
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games
Intelligent camera control using behavior trees
MIG'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Motion in Games
Semantic Mastering: content adaptation in the creative drama production workflow
Multimedia Tools and Applications
VEA 2012: Automatic path generation for terrain navigation
Computers and Graphics
Efficient composition for virtual camera control
EUROSCA'12 Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH / Eurographics conference on Computer Animation
Efficient composition for virtual camera control
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
DirectorNotation: Artistic and technological system for professional film directing
Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (JOCCH)
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We have designed a graphical interface that enables 3D visual artists or developers of interactive 3D virtual environments to efficiently define sophisticated camera compositions by creating storyboard frames, indicating how a desired shot should appear. These storyboard frames are then automatically encoded into an extensive set of virtual camera constraints that capture the key visual composition elements of the storyboard frame. Visual composition elements include the size and position of a subject in a camera shot. A recursive heuristic constraint solver then searches the space of a given 3D virtual environment to determine camera parameter values which produce a shot closely matching the one in the given storyboard frame. The search method uses given ranges of allowable parameter values expressed by each constraint to reduce the size of the 7 Degree of Freedom search space of possible camera positions, aim direction vectors, and field of view angles. In contrast, some existing methods of automatically positioning cameras in 3D virtual environments rely on pre-defined camera placements that cannot account for unanticipated configurations and movement of objects or use program-like scripts to define constraint-based camera shots. For example, it is more intuitive to directly manipulate an object's size in the frame rather than editing a constraint script to specify that the object should cover 10% of the frame's area.