Design and analysis of spatial encoding circuits for peak power reduction in on-chip buses

  • Authors:
  • Himanshu Kaul;Dennis Sylvester;Mark A. Anders;Ram K. Krishnamurthy

  • Affiliations:
  • Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR;Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI;Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR;Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR

  • Venue:
  • IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
  • Year:
  • 2005

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Abstract

We propose various low-latency spatial encoder circuits based on bus-invert coding for reducing peak energy and current in on-chip buses with minimum penalty on total latency. The encoders are implemented in dual-rail domino logic with interfaces for static inputs and static buses. A spatial and temporally encoded dynamic bus technique is also proposed for higher performance targets. Comparisons to standard on-chip buses of various lengths with optimal repeater configurations at the 130-nm node show the energy-delay and peak current-delay design space in which the different encoder circuits are beneficial. A 9-mm spatially encoded static bus exhibits peak energy gains beyond that achievable through repeater optimization for a single-cycle operation at 1 GHz, with delay and energy overhead of the encoding included. For throughput-constrained buses, the spatially encoded static bus can provide up to 31% reduction in peak energy, while the spatially and temporally encoded dynamic bus yields peak current reductions of more than 50% for all bus lengths. The encoder circuits show good scaling properties since the performance penalty from encoding decreases with scaled interconnects.