I3D '90 Proceedings of the 1990 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Sculpting: an interactive volumetric modeling technique
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A mark-based interaction paradigm for free-hand drawing
UIST '94 Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
I3D '95 Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Sketching as a solid modeling tool
SMA '95 Proceedings of the third ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
Creating solid models from single 2D sketches
SMA '95 Proceedings of the third ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
The HoloSketch VR sketching system
Communications of the ACM
SKETCH: an interface for sketching 3D scenes
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Topological Reconstruction of a Smooth Manifold-Solid from Its OccludingContour
International Journal of Computer Vision
3DSketch: modeling by digitizing with a smart 3D pen
MULTIMEDIA '97 Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Wires: a geometric deformation technique
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
An interface for sketching 3D curves
I3D '99 Proceedings of the 1999 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Teddy: a sketching interface for 3D freeform design
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Sketching a virtual environment: modeling using line-drawing interpretation
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Harold: a world made of drawings
NPAR '00 Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
Adaptively sampled distance fields: a general representation of shape for computer graphics
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interaction techniques for 3D modeling on large displays
I3D '01 Proceedings of the 2001 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Surface drawing: creating organic 3D shapes with the hand and tangible tools
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Kizamu: a system for sculpting digital characters
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A suggestive interface for 3D drawing
Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Creating principal 3D curves with digital tape drawing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
FreeDrawer: a free-form sketching system on the responsive workbench
VRST '01 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Simulation of wrinkled surfaces
SIGGRAPH '78 Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
An invitation to discuss computer depiction
NPAR '02 Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
Sketch- and constraint-based design of B-spline surfaces
Proceedings of the seventh ACM symposium on Solid modeling and applications
3-Draw: A Tool for Designing 3D Shapes
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
In Search for an Ideal Computer-Assisted Drawing System
INTERACT '97 Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Interantional Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
A sketching interface for articulated figure animation
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Volume Sculpting Using the Level-Set Method
SMI '02 Proceedings of the Shape Modeling International 2002 (SMI'02)
A Painting Interface for Interactive Surface Deformations
PG '03 Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications
A suggestive interface for image guided 3D sketching
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 2005 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Hybrid sketching: a new middle ground between 2- and 3-d
Hybrid sketching: a new middle ground between 2- and 3-d
Sketch-based modeling with few strokes
Proceedings of the 21st spring conference on Computer graphics
Sketching with a low-latency electronic ink drawing tablet
GRAPHITE '05 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and South East Asia
A freehand sketching interface for progressive construction of 3D objects
Computers and Graphics
Design sketches and sketch design tools
Knowledge-Based Systems
A sketching interface for modeling the internal structures of 3D shapes
SG'03 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Smart graphics
Intuitive shape modeling by shading design
SG'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Smart Graphics
Cascading recognizers for ambiguous calligraphic interaction
SBM'04 Proceedings of the First Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
Can machines interpret line drawings?
SBM'04 Proceedings of the First Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
Constraint stroke-based oversketching for 3D curves
SBM'04 Proceedings of the First Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
IR2s: interactive real photo to Sumi-e
NPAR '10 Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering
Interaction with 3D models on large displays using 3D input techniques
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the NZ Chapter of the ACM Special Interest Group on Human-Computer Interaction
Pressure-based 3D curve drawing
SG'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Smart graphics
Shape modeling with sketched feature lines in immersive 3D environments
Proceedings of the Seventh Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling Symposium
Extended papers from NPAR 2010: Contour-driven Sumi-e rendering of real photos
Computers and Graphics
An interactive 3D movement path manipulation method in an augmented reality environment
Interacting with Computers
Computer Assisted Relief Generation—A Survey
Computer Graphics Forum
Automatic single-view character model reconstruction
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction
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As 3-D modeling applications transition from engineering environments into the hands of artists, designers, and the consumer market, there is an increasing demand for more intuitive interfaces. In response, 3-D modeling and interface design communities have begun to develop systems based on traditional artistic techniques, particularly sketching. Collectively this growing field of research has come to be known as sketch-based modeling, however the name belies a diversity of promising techniques and unique approaches. This paper presents a survey of current research in sketch-based modeling, including a basic introduction to the topic, the challenges of sketch-based input, and an examination of a number of popular approaches, including representative examples and a general analysis of the benefits and challenges inherent to each.