Display of Surfaces from Volume Data
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
3D visualization of tomographic volume data using the generalized voxel model
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
Data parallel volume rendering as line drawing
VVS '92 Proceedings of the 1992 workshop on Volume visualization
Splatting: a parallel, feed-forward volume rendering algorithm
Splatting: a parallel, feed-forward volume rendering algorithm
Fast volume rendering using a shear-warp factorization of the viewing transformation
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Cube-3: a real-time architecture for high-resolution volume visualization
VVS '94 Proceedings of the 1994 symposium on Volume visualization
Accelerated volume rendering and tomographic reconstruction using texture mapping hardware
VVS '94 Proceedings of the 1994 symposium on Volume visualization
Cube-4—a scalable architecture for real-time volume rendering
Proceedings of the 1996 symposium on Volume visualization
Design of a high performance volume visualization system
HWWS '97 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
A ray-slice-sweep volume rendering engine
HWWS '97 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
EM-Cube: an architecture for low-cost real-time volume rendering
HWWS '97 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
VIZARD—visualization accelerator for realtime display
HWWS '97 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
A comparison of normal estimation schemes
VIS '97 Proceedings of the 8th conference on Visualization '97
Introduction to volume rendering
Introduction to volume rendering
Vizard II, a PCI-card for real-time volume rendering
HWWS '98 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Illumination for computer generated pictures
Communications of the ACM
Volume Visualization (Tutorial)
Volume Visualization (Tutorial)
Analysis of a Parallel Volume Rendering System Based on the Shear-Warp Factorization
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Frequency Analysis of Gradient Estimators in Volume Rendering
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Memory and Processing Architecture for 3D Voxel-Based Imagery
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
The Heidelberg Ray Tracing Model
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Direct Visualization of Volume Data
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Computer
SIGGRAPH '84 Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Accelerating Volume Reconstruction With 3D Texture Hardware
Accelerating Volume Reconstruction With 3D Texture Hardware
Interactive Visualization of 3D Medical Image Data
Interactive Visualization of 3D Medical Image Data
Architectures for real-time volume rendering
Architectures for real-time volume rendering
Vizar: a video rate system for volume visualization
Vizar: a video rate system for volume visualization
Design of an on-chip reflectance map
EGGH'95 Proceedings of the Tenth Eurographics conference on Graphics Hardware
A PCI-based Volume Rendering Accelerator
EGGH'95 Proceedings of the Tenth Eurographics conference on Graphics Hardware
An array based design for real-time volume rendering
EGGH'95 Proceedings of the Tenth Eurographics conference on Graphics Hardware
Towards a scalable architecture for real-time volume rendering
EGGH'95 Proceedings of the Tenth Eurographics conference on Graphics Hardware
Latency-and hazard-free volume memory architecture for direct volume rendering
EGGH'96 Proceedings of the Eleventh Eurographics conference on Graphics Hardware
The RACE II engine for real-time volume rendering
HWWS '00 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Interactive visualization of particle-in-cell simulations
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '00
OpenGL volumizer: a toolkit for high quality volume rendering of large data sets
VVS '02 Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization and graphics
Hardware acceleration of graphics and imaging algorithms using FPGAs
SCCG '02 Proceedings of the 18th spring conference on Computer graphics
Design of a Parallel Accelerator for Volume Rendering
Euro-Par '00 Proceedings from the 6th International Euro-Par Conference on Parallel Processing
Sonar Sensor-Based Efficient Exploration Method Using Sonar Salient Features and Several Gains
Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems
Survey of parallel and distributed volume rendering: revisited
ICCSA'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part III
Interactive iso-surface ray tracing of massive volumetric data sets
EG PGV'07 Proceedings of the 7th Eurographics conference on Parallel Graphics and Visualization
Acceleration of opacity correction mechanisms for over-sampled volume ray casting
EG PGV'08 Proceedings of the 8th Eurographics conference on Parallel Graphics and Visualization
An improved method of automatic colon segmentation for virtual colon unfolding
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
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--Real-time visualization of large volume datasets demands high performance computation, pushing the storage, processing, and data communication requirements to the limits of current technology. General purpose parallel processors have been used to visualize moderate size datasets at interactive frame rates; however, the cost and size of these supercomputers inhibits the widespread use for real-time visualization. This paper surveys several special purpose architectures that seek to render volumes at interactive rates. These specialized visualization accelerators have cost, performance, and size advantages over parallel processors. All architectures implement ray casting using parallel and pipelined hardware. We introduce a new metric that normalizes performance to compare these architectures. The architectures included in this survey are VOGUE, VIRIM, Array Based Ray Casting, EM-Cube, and VIZARD II. We also discuss future applications of special purpose accelerators.Index Terms--Volume rendering, interactive, ray casting, parallel architecture, VOGUE, VIRIM, array based ray casting, EM-Cube, VIZARD II.