Interaction-level support for collaborative learning: AlgoBlock—an open programming language
CSCL '95 The first international conference on Computer support for collaborative learning
Bricks: laying the foundations for graspable user interfaces
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An empirical evaluation of graspable user interfaces: towards specialized, space-multiplexed input
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Tangible bits: towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Digital manipulatives: new toys to think with
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of spatial organization strategies in graphical and tangible user interfaces
DARE '00 Proceedings of DARE 2000 on Designing augmented reality environments
A tangible interface for organizing information using a grid
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tangible programming elements for young children
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Business Dynamics
mediaBlocks: tangible interfaces for online media
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A physical interface for system dynamics simulation
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Distribution of Knowledge, Group Network Structure, and Group Performance
Management Science
Topobo: a constructive assembly system with kinetic memory
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Emerging frameworks for tangible user interfaces
IBM Systems Journal
Hands-on modeling and simulation of systems
Proceedings of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community
Extending tangible interfaces for education: digital montessori-inspired manipulatives
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Block jam: a tangible interface for interactive music
NIME '03 Proceedings of the 2003 conference on New interfaces for musical expression
Getting a grip on tangible interaction: a framework on physical space and social interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
How bodies matter: five themes for interaction design
DIS '06 Proceedings of the 6th conference on Designing Interactive systems
ICLS '06 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Learning sciences
Do tangible interfaces enhance learning?
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Affordances for manipulation of physical versus digital media on interactive surfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Tangible computer programming for informal science learning
IDC '08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Interaction design and children
Introduction to this special section on beauty, goodness, and usability
Human-Computer Interaction
Physical manipulation: evaluating the potential for tangible designs
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction
Comparing the use of tangible and graphical programming languages for informal science education
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Boda blocks: a collaborative tool for exploring tangible three-dimensional cellular automata
CSCL'07 Proceedings of the 8th iternational conference on Computer supported collaborative learning
A specification paradigm for the design and implementation of tangible user interfaces
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Tangibles in the balance: a discovery learning task with physical or graphical materials
Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tangible User Interfaces: Past, Present, and Future Directions
Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Tangible interaction and learning: the case for a hybrid approach
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Activity pad: teaching tool combining tangible interaction and affordance of paper
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces
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Tangible user interfaces (TUIs) are often compared to graphical user interfaces (GUIs). However, the existing literature is unable to demonstrate clear advantages for either interface, as empirical studies yielded different findings, sometimes even contradicting ones. The current study set out to conduct an in-depth analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of both interfaces, based on a comparison between similar TUI and GUI versions of a modeling and simulation system called ''FlowBlocks''. Results showed most users preferred the TUI version over the GUI version. This is a surprising finding, considering both versions were equivalent in regard to most performance parameters, and the TUI version was even perceived as inferior to the GUI version in regard to usability. Interviews with users revealed this preference stemmed from high levels of stimulation and enjoyment, derived from three TUI properties: physical interaction, rich feedback, and high levels of realism. Potential underlying mechanisms for these findings and practical implications are discussed.